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e * is the saturation water vapor pressure T is the absolute air temperature in kelvins T st is the steam-point (i.e. boiling point at 1 atm.) temperature (373.15 K) e * st is e * at the steam-point pressure (1 atm = 1013.25 hPa) Similarly, the correlation for the saturation water vapor pressure over ice is:
Near-infrared spectroscopy is used in astronomy for studying the atmospheres of cool stars where molecules can form. The vibrational and rotational signatures of molecules such as titanium oxide, cyanide, and carbon monoxide can be seen in this wavelength range and can give a clue towards the star's spectral type .
In the near-infrared range liquid water has absorption bands around 1950 nm (5128 cm −1), 1450 nm (6896 cm −1), 1200 nm (8333 cm −1) and 970 nm, (10300 cm −1). [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 15 ] The regions between these bands can be used in near-infrared spectroscopy to measure the spectra of aqueous solutions, with the advantage that glass is ...
McFeeters index: If looking for water bodies or change in water level (e.g. flooding), then it is advisable to use the green and NIR spectral bands [18] or green and SWIR spectral bands. Modification of normalised difference water index (MNDWI) has been suggested for improved detection of open water by replacing NIR spectral band with SWIR. [19]
In systems that utilize boiling, the heat transfer rate is significantly higher than if the fluid were a single phase (i.e. all liquid or all vapor). The more efficient heat transfer from the heated surface is due to heat of vaporization and sensible heat .
CT Values are an important part of calculating disinfectant dosage for the chlorination of drinking water. A CT value is the product of the concentration of a disinfectant (e.g. free chlorine) and the contact time with the water being disinfected. It is typically expressed in units of mg-min/L.
In order to increase the calculation speed for viscosity calculations based on CS theory, which is important in e.g. compositional reservoir simulations, while keeping the accuracy of the CS method, Pedersen et al. (1984, 1987, 1989) [17] [18] [2] proposed a CS method that uses a simple (or conventional) CS formula when calculating the reduced ...
In atmospheric science, equivalent temperature is the temperature of air in a parcel from which all the water vapor has been extracted by an adiabatic process. Air contains water vapor that has been evaporated into it from liquid sources (lakes, sea, etc...). The energy needed to do that has been taken from the air.