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In prime factorization, the multiplicity of a prime factor is its -adic valuation.For example, the prime factorization of the integer 60 is . 60 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5, the multiplicity of the prime factor 2 is 2, while the multiplicity of each of the prime factors 3 and 5 is 1.
3 Cyclotomic polynomials over a finite field and over the p-adic integers. 4 Polynomial values. 5 Applications. ... If p is a prime divisor of multiplicity m in n, ...
Kahan discovered that polynomials with a particular set of multiplicities form what he called a pejorative manifold and proved that a multiple root is Lipschitz continuous if the perturbation maintains its multiplicity. This geometric property of multiple roots is crucial in numerical computation of multiple roots.
So, except for very low degrees, root finding of polynomials consists of finding approximations of the roots. By the fundamental theorem of algebra, a polynomial of degree n has exactly n real or complex roots counting multiplicities. It follows that the problem of root finding for polynomials may be split in three different subproblems;
Polynomials of degree one, two or three are respectively linear polynomials, quadratic polynomials and cubic polynomials. [8] For higher degrees, the specific names are not commonly used, although quartic polynomial (for degree four) and quintic polynomial (for degree five) are sometimes used. The names for the degrees may be applied to the ...
The solutions of the system are in one-to-one correspondence with the roots of h and the multiplicity of each root of h equals the multiplicity of the corresponding solution. The solutions of the system are obtained by substituting the roots of h in the other equations. If h does not have any multiple root then g 0 is the derivative of h.
If the multiplicity m of the root is finite then g(x) = f(x) / f ′ (x) will have a root at the same location with multiplicity 1. Applying Newton's method to find the root of g ( x ) recovers quadratic convergence in many cases although it generally involves the second derivative of f ( x ) .
where F[t ] is the space of all polynomials over the field F. I T is a proper ideal of F[t ]. Since F is a field, F[t ] is a principal ideal domain, thus any ideal is generated by a single polynomial, which is unique up to a unit in F. A particular choice among the generators can be made, since precisely one of the generators is monic.