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Mouth infections, also known as oral infections, are a group of infections that occur around the oral cavity. They include dental infection, dental abscess, and Ludwig's angina. Mouth infections typically originate from dental caries at the root of molars and premolars that spread to adjacent structures. In otherwise healthy patients, removing ...
In addition to activating M1 macrophages, T H 1 cells express Fas ligand (FasL) and lymphotoxin beta (LT-β) to help kill chronically infected macrophages that can no longer kill pathogens. [34] The killing of chronically infected macrophages release pathogens to the extracellular space that can then be killed by other activated macrophages. [34]
This is poured over a confluent monolayer of host cells. The surface of the cell layer is covered in a layer of agar or carboxymethyl cellulose to prevent the virus from spreading indiscriminately. The concentration of plaque forming units can be estimated by the number of plaques (regions of infected cells) formed after a few days.
Even if you have had norovirus before, you can still be infected every year, because there are many different types of the bug, owing to the rapid mutation rate seen in RNA viruses like norovirus.
Anthrax is an infection caused by the bacterium ... and in the mouth and throat. ... within the carcass to kill the vegetative B. anthracis cells and preventing ...
While S. mutans grows in the biofilm, cells maintain a balance of metabolism that involves production and detoxification. Biofilm is an aggregate of microorganisms in which cells adhere to each other or a surface. Bacteria in the biofilm community can actually generate various toxic compounds that interfere with the growth of other competing ...
There are many factors of oral health which need to be preserved in order to prevent pathogenesis of the oral microbiota or diseases of the mouth. Dental plaque is the material that adheres to the teeth and consists of bacterial cells (mainly S. mutans and S. sanguis), salivary polymers and bacterial extracellular products. Plaque is a biofilm ...
neutralization of viruses so that these organisms cannot enter cells, or by T lymphocytes, which will kill a cell parasitized by a microorganism. The immune system response to a microorganism often causes symptoms such as a high fever and inflammation, and has the potential to be more devastating than direct damage caused by a microbe. [10]
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