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  2. Norm of reciprocity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_of_reciprocity

    A norm of reciprocity motivates, creates, sustains, and regulates the cooperative behavior required for self-sustaining social organizations. It limits the damage done by unscrupulous people, and contributes to social system stability. [2] For more details, see the discussions in tit for tat and reciprocity (social psychology).

  3. Reciprocity (social and political philosophy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocity_(social_and...

    The classic anthropological example is the Kula exchange in the Trobriand Islands. One-to-many and many-to-one reciprocity often lies somewhere between direct reciprocal arrangements and generalized reciprocity. Informal clubs in which the hosting arrangements circulate among members are examples of the one-to-many variety.

  4. Retributive justice - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retributive_justice

    Retributive justice is a legal concept whereby the criminal offender receives punishment proportional or similar to the crime.As opposed to revenge, retribution—and thus retributive justice—is not personal, is directed only at wrongdoing, has inherent limits, involves no pleasure at the suffering of others (i.e., schadenfreude, sadism), and employs procedural standards.

  5. Redistribution (cultural anthropology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistribution_(cultural...

    An elaborate example of this in a non-market society is the potlatch, where large amounts of personal resources are ceremonially given away to others in the community according to social status, with the tacit expectation that other members of the community would themselves give away large amounts of their own property in the future.

  6. Theory of criminal justice - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_criminal_justice

    Retributive justice is perhaps best captured by the phrase lex talionis (the principle of "an eye for an eye"), which traces back to the Code of Hammurabi. Criminal law generally falls under retributive justice, a theory of justice that considers proportionate punishment a morally acceptable response to crime.

  7. File:Introduction to sociology (IA cu31924013768761).pdf

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Introduction_to...

    The metadata below describe the original scanning. Follow the "All Files: HTTP" link in the "View the book" box to the left to find XML files that contain more metadata about the original images and the derived formats (OCR results, PDF etc.).

  8. Sociology of punishment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_punishment

    The sociology of punishment seeks to understand why and how we punish. Punishment involves the intentional infliction of pain and/or the deprivation of rights and liberties. . Sociologists of punishment usually examine state-sanctioned acts in relation to law-breaking; for instance, why citizens give consent to the legitimation of acts of viole

  9. Transformative justice - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformative_justice

    Transformative justice is distinguishable from restorative justice in that transformative justice places emphasis on addressing and repairing harm outside of the state. [12] adrienne maree brown uses the example of a person who has stolen money in order to buy food to sustain themselves, writing that “if the racialized system of capitalism has produced such inequality that someone who is ...