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Vulnerability is defined in various ways depending on the nation and service arm concerned, but in general it refers to the near-instantaneous effects of a weapon attack. In aviation it is defined as the inability of an aircraft to withstand the damage caused by the man-made hostile environment. [ 31 ]
Used primarily to address social groups facing disaster events, the model emphasises distinctions in vulnerability by different exposure units such as social class and ethnicity. The model distinguishes between three components on the social side: root causes, dynamic pressures and unsafe conditions, and one component on the natural side, the ...
Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models are a class of economic models that use actual economic data to estimate how an economy might react to changes in policy, technology or other external factors. CGE models are also referred to as AGE (applied general equilibrium) models. A CGE model consists of equations describing model variables and ...
Exploitation is a concept defined as, in its broadest sense, one agent taking unfair advantage of another agent. [1] When applying this to labour (or labor), it denotes an unjust social relationship based on an asymmetry of power or unequal exchange of value between workers and their employers. [2]
Climate change vulnerability is defined as the "propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected" by climate change. It can apply to humans but also to natural systems , and both are interdependent. [1]: 12 Vulnerability is a component of climate risk. Vulnerability will be higher if the capacity to cope and adapt is low. [1]: 5
Madu, I. A., & Nwankwo, C. F. (2021). Spatial pattern of climate change and farmer–herder conflict vulnerabilities in Nigeria. GeoJournal, 86(6), 2691–2707. Marger (2008). Examples of these disadvantages working in a circular process would be: economic decline, low personal income, no funds for school, which leads to lack of education.
Image credits: reddit.com #9. The Great Stink of London in 1858. One summer the heat dried up the River Thames (where all the human waste went) and an unbearable smell pervaded throughout the ...
The outcome of social exclusion is that affected individuals or communities are prevented from participating fully in the economic, social, and political life of the society in which they live. [9] This may result in resistance in the form of demonstrations, protests or lobbying from the excluded people.