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[3] [4] It is a basic oxide dissolving in acids to give solutions of vanadium (III) complexes. [4] V 2 O 3 has the corundum structure. [ 4 ] It is antiferromagnetic with a critical temperature of 160 K. [ 5 ] At this temperature there is an abrupt change in conductivity from metallic to insulating. [ 5 ]
In water, OH − is the strongest base. Thus, even though sodium amide (NaNH 2) is an exceptional base (pK a of NH 3 ~ 33), in water it is only as good as sodium hydroxide. On the other hand, NaNH 2 is a far more basic reagent in ammonia than is NaOH. The pH range allowed by a particular solvent is called the acid-base discrimination window. [1]
A basic oxide, also called a base anhydride (meaning "base without water"), is usually formed in the reaction of oxygen with metals, especially alkali (group 1) and alkaline earth (group 2) metals. Both of these groups form ionic oxides that dissolve in water to form basic solutions of the corresponding metal hydroxide :
If acid is slowly added to a solution of Na 3 VO 4, the colour gradually deepens through orange to red before brown hydrated V 2 O 5 precipitates around pH 2. These solutions contain mainly the ions HVO 4 2− and V 2 O 7 4− between pH 9 and pH 13, but below pH 9 more exotic species such as V 4 O 12 4− and HV 10 O 28 5− ( decavanadate ...
In strongly acidic solutions, pH < 2, [VO 2 (H 2 O) 4] + is the predominant species, while the oxide V 2 O 5 precipitates from solution at high concentrations. The oxide is formally the acid anhydride of vanadic acid. The structures of many vanadate compounds have been determined by X-ray crystallography.
Carbonic acid is an illustrative example of the Lewis acidity of an acidic oxide. CO 2 + 2OH − ⇌ HCO 3 − + OH − ⇌ CO 3 2− + H 2 O. This property is a key reason for keeping alkali chemicals well sealed from the atmosphere, as long-term exposure to carbon dioxide in the air can degrade the material.
The water molecule is amphoteric in aqueous solution. It can either gain a proton to form a hydronium ion H 3 O +, or else lose a proton to form a hydroxide ion OH −. [7] Another possibility is the molecular autoionization reaction between two water molecules, in which one water molecule acts as an acid and another as a base. H 2 O + H 2 O ...
[1] [2] As water is an excellent solvent and is also naturally abundant, it is a ubiquitous solvent in chemistry. Since water is frequently used as the solvent in experiments, the word solution refers to an aqueous solution, unless the solvent is specified. [3] [4] A non-aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is a liquid, but is ...