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The Extended Pascal standard extends Pascal to support many things C supports, which the original standard Pascal did not, in a type safer manner. For example, schema types support (besides other uses) variable-length arrays while keeping the type-safety of mandatory carrying the array dimension with the array, allowing automatic run-time ...
Pointers also must have an associated type, and a pointer to one type is not compatible with a pointer to another type (e.g. a pointer to a char is not compatible with a pointer to an integer). This helps eliminate the type security issues inherent with other pointer implementations, particularly those used for PL/I or C .
Since C++11, the C++ standard library also provides smart pointers (unique_ptr, shared_ptr and weak_ptr) which can be used in some situations as a safer alternative to primitive C pointers. C++ also supports another form of reference, quite different from a pointer, called simply a reference or reference type.
RTL (C) Caller Pascal: LTR (Pascal) Callee fastcall (non-member) Microsoft: AX, DX, BX: LTR (Pascal) Callee Return pointer in BX. fastcall (member function) Microsoft: AX, DX: LTR (Pascal) Callee this on stack low address. Return pointer in AX. fastcall: Turbo C [29] AX, DX, BX: LTR (Pascal) Callee this on stack low address. Return pointer on ...
In languages with typed pointers like C, the increment operator steps the pointer to the next item of that type -- increasing the value of the pointer by the size of that type. When a pointer (of the right type) points to any item in an array, incrementing (or decrementing) makes the pointer point to the "next" (or "previous") item of that array.
A long double (eight bytes with Visual C++, sixteen bytes with GCC) will be 8-byte aligned with Visual C++ and 16-byte aligned with GCC. Any pointer (eight bytes) will be 8-byte aligned. Some data types are dependent on the implementation. Here is a structure with members of various types, totaling 8 bytes before compilation:
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This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 17 January 2025. General-purpose programming language "C programming language" redirects here. For the book, see The C Programming Language. Not to be confused with C++ or C#. C Logotype used on the cover of the first edition of The C Programming Language Paradigm Multi-paradigm: imperative (procedural ...