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The Gauss–Legendre algorithm is an algorithm to compute the digits of π. It is notable for being rapidly convergent, with only 25 iterations producing 45 million correct digits of π . However, it has some drawbacks (for example, it is computer memory -intensive) and therefore all record-breaking calculations for many years have used other ...
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A spigot algorithm is an algorithm for computing the value of a transcendental number (such as π or e) that generates the digits of the number sequentially from left to right providing increasing precision as the algorithm proceeds. Spigot algorithms also aim to minimize the amount of intermediate storage required.
To calculate 16 n−k mod (8k + 1) quickly and efficiently, the modular exponentiation algorithm is done at the same loop level, not nested. When its running 16x product becomes greater than one, the modulus is taken, just as for the running total in each sum. Now to complete the calculation, this must be applied to each of the four sums in turn.
C. A. R. Hoare: Communicating Sequential Processes, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-153289-8. This book has been updated by Jim Davies at the Oxford University Computing Laboratory and the new edition is available for download as a PDF file at the Using CSP website. Robin Milner: A Calculus of Communicating Systems, Springer Verlag, ISBN 0-387-10235-3.
Borwein's algorithm was devised by Jonathan and Peter Borwein to calculate the value of /. This and other algorithms can be found in the book Pi and the AGM – A Study in Analytic Number Theory and Computational Complexity .
The π-calculus belongs to the family of process calculi, mathematical formalisms for describing and analyzing properties of concurrent computation.In fact, the π-calculus, like the λ-calculus, is so minimal that it does not contain primitives such as numbers, booleans, data structures, variables, functions, or even the usual control flow statements (such as if-then-else, while).
The variable turn is set arbitrarily to a number between 0 and n−1 at the start of the algorithm. The flags variable for each process is set to WAITING whenever it intends to enter the critical section. flags takes either IDLE or WAITING or ACTIVE. Initially the flags variable for each process is initialized to IDLE.