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In cryptography, a Caesar cipher, also known as Caesar's cipher, the shift cipher, Caesar's code, or Caesar shift, is one of the simplest and most widely known encryption techniques. It is a type of substitution cipher in which each letter in the plaintext is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions down the alphabet .
HackerRank categorizes most of their programming challenges into a number of core computer science domains, [3] including database management, mathematics, and artificial intelligence. When a programmer submits a solution to a programming challenge, their submission is scored on the accuracy of their output.
The following attack on the Caesar cipher allows full recovery of the secret key: Suppose the adversary sends the message: Attack at dawn, and the oracle returns Nggnpx ng qnja. The adversary can then work through to recover the key in the same way as a Caesar cipher. The adversary could deduce the substitutions A → N, T → G and so on. This ...
The Vigenère cipher has several Caesar ciphers in sequence with different shift values. To encrypt, a table of alphabets can be used, termed a tabula recta , Vigenère square or Vigenère table . It has the alphabet written out 26 times in different rows, each alphabet shifted cyclically to the left compared to the previous alphabet ...
Kasiski actually used "superimposition" to solve the Vigenère cipher. He started by finding the key length, as above. Then he took multiple copies of the message and laid them one-above-another, each one shifted left by the length of the key.
The Two Generals' Problem appears often as an introduction to the more general Byzantine Generals problem in introductory classes about computer networking (particularly with regard to the Transmission Control Protocol, where it shows that TCP cannot guarantee state consistency between endpoints and why this is the case), though it applies to ...
The Chaocipher [1] is a cipher method invented by John Francis Byrne in 1918 and described in his 1953 autobiographical Silent Years. [2] He believed Chaocipher was simple, yet unbreakable.
Typically, their money was stored in multiple temples. This practice was designed to protect their wealth in case an individual temple was destroyed or attacked in some way. Another banking group in ancient Rome were the trapezites. [4] They were predecessors of the argentarii, [5] and they provided banking services in counting houses near the ...