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Color change is widespread in ectotherms including anoles, frogs, mollusks, many fish, insects, and spiders. [49] The mechanism behind this color change can be either morphological or physiological. Morphological change is the result of a change in the density of pigment containing cells and tends to change over longer periods of time.
Coleoid cephalopods (including octopuses, squids and cuttlefish) have complex multicellular organs that they use to change colour rapidly, producing a wide variety of bright colours and patterns. Each chromatophore unit is composed of a single chromatophore cell and numerous muscle, nerve, glial , and sheath cells. [ 43 ]
Many cephalopods including octopuses, cuttlefish, and squids, and some terrestrial amphibians and reptiles including chameleons and anoles can rapidly change color and pattern, though the major reasons for this include signaling, not only camouflage. [7] [4] Cephalopod active camouflage has stimulated military research in the United States. [8]
Chameleons - Colour change signals a chameleon's physiological condition and intentions to other chameleons. [3] [4] Because chameleons are ectothermic, they change color also to regulate their body temperatures, either to a darker color to absorb light and heat to raise their temperature, or to a lighter color to reflect light and heat, thereby either stabilizing or lowering their body ...
Some cephalopods are capable of rapid changes in skin colour and pattern through nervous control of chromatophores. [22] This ability almost certainly evolved primarily for camouflage, but squid use color, patterns, and flashing to communicate with each other in various courtship rituals. [21]
Cuttlefish change color and pattern (including the polarization of the reflected light waves), and the shape of the skin to communicate to other cuttlefish, to camouflage themselves, and as a deimatic display to warn off potential predators. Under some circumstances, cuttlefish can be trained to change color in response to stimuli, thereby ...
The thickness of the membrane reduces as water escapes, a process that changes the wavelength of light reflected. [2] By adapting an organism's membrane to reflect different wavelengths, reflection allows cephlapods to shift from different colors of red, yellow, green, and blue as well as adjust the brightness of the projected color. [10] [11 ...
One half of the cephalopod's body gets darker than the typical coloration a few minutes after the interaction occurs. This color-change is also observed during the sleeping state. The extended 'quiet state' results in a pale, uniform color compared to the shorter 'active state' including varying colors, textures, and patterns. [7]