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The K-factor is the bending capacity of sheet metal, and by extension the forumulae used to calculate this. [1] [2] [3] Mathematically it is an engineering aspect of geometry. [4] Such is its intricacy in precision sheet metal bending [5] (with press brakes in particular) that its proper application in engineering has been termed an art. [4] [5]
where K is the stress intensity factor (with units of stress × length 1/2) and is a dimensionless quantity that varies with the load and geometry. Theoretically, as r goes to 0, the stress σ i j {\displaystyle \sigma _{ij}} goes to ∞ {\displaystyle \infty } resulting in a stress singularity. [ 5 ]
The K-factor formula does not take the forming stresses into account but is simply a geometric calculation of the location of the neutral line after the forces are applied and is thus the roll-up of all the unknown (error) factors for a given setup. The K-factor depends on many variables including the material, the type of bending operation ...
The critical value of stress intensity factor in mode I loading measured under plane strain conditions is known as the plane strain fracture toughness, denoted . [1] When a test fails to meet the thickness and other test requirements that are in place to ensure plane strain conditions, the fracture toughness value produced is given the ...
Fracture mechanics is the field of mechanics concerned with the study of the propagation of cracks in materials. It uses methods of analytical solid mechanics to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental solid mechanics to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.
Note that the dimensionless stress concentration factor is a function of the geometry shape and independent of its size. [4] These factors can be found in typical engineering reference materials. Stress concentration around an elliptical hole in a plate in tension. E. Kirsch derived the equations for the elastic stress distribution around a hole.
where is the area moment of inertia of the cross-section, is the cross-sectional area, is the shear modulus, is a shear correction factor, and () is an applied transverse load. For materials with Poisson's ratios ( ν {\displaystyle \nu } ) close to 0.3, the shear correction factor for a rectangular cross-section is approximately
The deflection must be considered for the purpose of the structure. When designing a steel frame to hold a glazed panel, one allows only minimal deflection to prevent fracture of the glass. The deflected shape of a beam can be represented by the moment diagram, integrated (twice, rotated and translated to enforce support conditions).