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Two types of HIV have been characterized: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the virus that was initially discovered and termed both lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV) and human T-lymphotropic virus 3 (HTLV-III). HIV-1 is more virulent and more infective than HIV-2, [20] and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally. The lower ...
The genome and proteins of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) have been the subject of extensive research since the discovery of the virus in 1983. [1] [2] "In the search for the causative agent, it was initially believed that the virus was a form of the Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), which was known at the time to affect the human immune system and cause certain leukemias.
The p24 capsid protein is the most abundant HIV protein with each virus containing approximately 1,500 to 3,000 p24 molecules. [1] It is the major structural protein within the capsid , and it is involved in maintaining the structural integrity of the virus and facilitating various stages of the viral life cycle, including viral entry into host ...
HIV can also disseminate by direct transmission from one cell to another by a process of cell-to-cell spread. [96] [97] The hybrid spreading mechanisms of HIV contribute to the virus' ongoing replication against antiretroviral therapies. [95] [98] Two types of HIV have been characterized: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the virus that was originally ...
HIV-1 is the most common and most pathogenic strain of the virus. As of 2022, approximately 1.3 million such infections occur annually. [4] [5] Scientists divide HIV-1 into a major group (group M) and two or more minor groups, namely groups N, O and possibly a group P.
HIV-1 strains were once thought to have arrived in New York City from Haiti around 1971. [63] [64] [65] It spread from New York City to San Francisco around 1976. [63] HIV-1 is believed to have arrived in Haiti from central Africa, possibly from the Democratic Republic of the Congo around 1967.
After the virus enters the body there is a period of rapid viral replication, leading to an abundance of virus in the peripheral blood. During primary infection, the level of HIV may reach several million virus particles per milliliter of blood. [2] This response is accompanied by a marked drop in the numbers of circulating CD4 + T cells.
A 3D representation that includes the retroviral psi packaging element. This is a solution RNA structure model of the HIV-1 dimerization initiation site in the kissing-loop dimer. [7] In HIV, the psi element is around 80–150 nucleotides in length, and located at the 5' end of the genome just upstream of the gag initiation codon. [8]