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The California Job Case was a compartmentalized box for printing in the 19th century, sizes corresponding to the commonality of letters. The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular, dating back to the Arab mathematician al-Kindi (c. AD 801–873 ), who formally developed the method (the ciphers breakable by this technique go ...
While each non-complete word-representable graph G is 2(n − κ(G))-representable, where κ(G) is the size of a maximal clique in G, [7] the highest known representation number is floor(n/2) given by crown graphs with an all-adjacent vertex. [7] Interestingly, such graphs are not the only graphs that require long representations. [15]
From top to bottom: x 1/8, x 1/4, x 1/2, x 1, x 2, x 4, x 8. If x is a nonnegative real number, and n is a positive integer, / or denotes the unique nonnegative real n th root of x, that is, the unique nonnegative real number y such that =.
A bridgeless graph is one that has no bridges; equivalently, a 2-edge-connected graph. 2. A bridge of a subgraph H is a maximal connected subgraph separated from the rest of the graph by H. That is, it is a maximal subgraph that is edge-disjoint from H and in which each two vertices and edges belong to a path that is internally disjoint from H.
A three dimensional Cartesian coordinate system, with origin O and axis lines X, Y and Z, oriented as shown by the arrows. The tick marks on the axes are one length unit apart. The black dot shows the point with coordinates x = 2, y = 3, and z = 4, or (2, 3, 4).
In 2017, it was proven [15] that there exists a unique function F which is a solution of the equation F(z + 1) = exp(F(z)) and satisfies the additional conditions that F(0) = 1 and F(z) approaches the fixed points of the logarithm (roughly 0.318 ± 1.337i) as z approaches ±i∞ and that F is holomorphic in the whole complex z-plane, except the ...
A cycle graph or circular graph of order n ≥ 3 is a graph in which the vertices can be listed in an order v 1, v 2, …, v n such that the edges are the {v i, v i+1} where i = 1, 2, …, n − 1, plus the edge {v n, v 1}. Cycle graphs can be characterized as connected graphs in which the degree of all vertices is 2. If a cycle graph occurs as ...
3. Subfactorial: if n is a positive integer, !n is the number of derangements of a set of n elements, and is read as "the subfactorial of n". * Many different uses in mathematics; see Asterisk § Mathematics. | 1. Divisibility: if m and n are two integers, means that m divides n evenly. 2.