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The Punjabi verbal system is can be described largely in terms of aspect and mood. Most Punjabi verbs do not inflect for tense—the only verb which does is the copular verb ਹੈ / ہے. Some linguists have described aspectual forms of Punjabi verbs as being inflections for tense; however, this assessment is flawed as these verb forms can be ...
Shahmukhi (Shahmukhi: شاہ مُکھی, pronounced [ʃäː(ɦ)˦.mʊ.kʰiː], lit. ' from the Shah's or king's mouth ', Gurmukhi: ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁਖੀ) is the right-to-left abjad-based script developed from the Perso-Arabic alphabet used for the Punjabi language varieties, predominantly in Punjab, Pakistan.
Historically, the retroflex lateral approximant (ळ /ɭ/ ) existed in Vedic Sanskrit and was lost in Classical Sanskrit.Today the Indo-Aryan languages in which it exists are Marathi and Konkani (ळ), Oriya (ଳ), Gujarati (ળ), most varieties of Rajasthani, Bhili, some dialects of Punjabi language (ਲ਼), most dialects of Western Pahari, Kumaoni, Haryanavi, and the Saharanpur dialect of ...
As a researcher Lehal's main contribution has been development of technologies related to the computerization of the Punjabi language. [1] Prominent among these are first Gurmukhi OCR, first bilingual Gurmukhi/Roman OCR, first Punjabi font identification and conversion system, first multi-font Punjabi spell checker, first high accuracy Gurmukhi-Shahmukhi and Shahmukhi-Gurmukhi transliteration ...
To differentiate between consonants, the Punjabi tonal consonants of the fourth column, ਘ kà, ਝ cà, ਢ ṭà, ਧ tà, and ਭ pà, are often transliterated in the way of the voiced aspirate consonants gha, jha, ḍha, dha, and bha respectively, although Punjabi lacks these sounds. [46]
This schwa is obligatorily deleted in several modern Indo-Aryan languages, like Hindi, Punjabi, Marathi and others. This results in differing transliterations for Sanskrit and schwa-deleting languages that retain or eliminate the schwa as appropriate: Sanskrit: Mahābhārata, Rāmāyaṇa, Śiva, Sāmaveda
Punjabi, sometimes spelled Panjabi, [g] is an Indo-Aryan language natively spoken by the Punjabi people. Punjabi is the most popular first language in Pakistan, with 80.5 million native speakers as per the 2017 census , and the 11th most popular in India, with 31.1 million native speakers, as per the 2011 census .
While classed by Pandey (2012) in the Punjabi subclass, it contains implosive characters and clusters similar to those of the Sindhi subclass, that other Punjabi Landa scripts lack. It had 4 vowel letters, a, i, u, e ; a was used for ā as well; i was also used for ī as well as commonly as a semivowel in place of the letter y ; u was used for ...