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Plants have metabolic pathways which transforms some of them (primarily the oxygen compounds) into useful substances. All the metabolic wastes are excreted in a form of water solutes through the excretory organs ( nephridia , Malpighian tubules , kidneys ), with the exception of CO 2 , which is excreted together with the water vapor throughout ...
The foot processes have an actin-based cytoskeleton. [6] Podocytes are found lining the Bowman's capsules in the nephrons of the kidney. The pedicels or foot processes wrap around the glomerular capillaries to form the filtration slits. [7] The pedicels increase the surface area of the cells enabling efficient ultrafiltration. [8]
Urinary excretion rate = Filtration rate – Reabsorption rate + Secretion rate [1] Although the strictest sense of the word excretion with respect to the urinary system is urination itself, renal clearance is also conventionally called excretion (for example, in the set term fractional excretion of sodium).
Inulin and its analog sinistrin are used to help measure kidney function by determining the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which is the volume of fluid filtered from the renal (kidney) glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule per unit time.
Filtration occurs in the glomerulus: one-fifth of the blood volume that enters the kidneys is filtered. Examples of substances reabsorbed are solute-free water, sodium, bicarbonate, glucose, and amino acids. Examples of substances secreted are hydrogen, ammonium, potassium and uric acid. The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the ...
The way the kidneys do this is with nephrons. There are over 1 million nephrons in each kidney; these nephrons act as filters inside the kidneys. The kidneys filter needed materials and waste. Needed materials go back into the bloodstream; unneeded materials become urine and are expelled through the urethra.
A major measure of kidney function is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The glomerular filtration rate is the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney. The creatinine clearance rate (C Cr or CrCl) is the volume of blood plasma that is cleared of creatinine per unit time and is a useful measure for approximating the GFR.
The liver and kidneys clear many substances from the blood (for example, in renal excretion), and the cleared substances are then excreted from the body in the urine and feces. [6] Aquatic animals usually excrete ammonia directly into the external environment, as this compound has high solubility and there is ample water available for dilution.