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In abstract algebra, the conjugacy problem for a group G with a given presentation is the decision problem of determining, given two words x and y in G, whether or not they represent conjugate elements of G. That is, the problem is to determine whether there exists an element z of G such that =.
In fact, every equational law satisfied by conjugation in a group follows from the quandle axioms. So, one can think of a quandle as what is left of a group when we forget multiplication, the identity, and inverses, and only remember the operation of conjugation. Every tame knot in three-dimensional Euclidean space has a 'fundamental quandle'.
Many of these problems are easily solvable provided that other geometric transformations are allowed; for example, neusis construction can be used to solve the former two problems. In terms of algebra , a length is constructible if and only if it represents a constructible number , and an angle is constructible if and only if its cosine is a ...
In projective geometry, the harmonic conjugate point of a point on the real projective line with respect to two other points is defined by the following construction: Given three collinear points A, B, C , let L be a point not lying on their join and let any line through C meet LA, LB at M, N respectively.
Saying that conjugation of x by a leaves x unchanged is equivalent to saying that a and x commute: a − 1 x a = x x a = a x . {\displaystyle a^{-1}xa=x\iff xa=ax.} Therefore the existence and number of inner automorphisms that are not the identity mapping is a kind of measure of the failure of the commutative law in the group (or ring).
The ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola are viewed as conics in projective geometry, and each conic determines a relation of pole and polar between points and lines. Using these concepts, "two diameters are conjugate when each is the polar of the figurative point of the other." [5] Only one of the conjugate diameters of a hyperbola cuts the curve.
As isogonal conjugation is a function, it makes sense to speak of the isogonal conjugate of sets of points, such as lines and circles. For example, the isogonal conjugate of a line is a circumconic; specifically, an ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola according as the line intersects the circumcircle in 0, 1, or 2 points.
Π (g) is the conjugate of Π(g) for all g in G. Π is also a representation, as one may check explicitly. If g is a real Lie algebra and π is a representation of it over the vector space V, then the conjugate representation π is defined over the conjugate vector space V as follows: π (X) is the conjugate of π(X) for all X in g. [1]
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