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In biochemistry, denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose folded structure present in their native state due to various factors, including application of some external stress or compound, such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), agitation and radiation, or heat. [3]
An example of retinal-based organisms that exist today are photosynthetic microbes collectively called Haloarchaea. [1] Many Haloarchaea contain the retinal derivative protein bacteriorhodopsin in their cell membrane, which carries out photon-driven proton pumping, generating a proton-motive gradient across the membrane and driving ATP synthesis.
In the less extensive technique of equilibrium unfolding, the fractions of folded and unfolded molecules (denoted as and , respectively) are measured as the solution conditions are gradually changed from those favoring the native state to those favoring the unfolded state, e.g., by adding a denaturant such as guanidinium hydrochloride or urea.
The leading cause of coral bleaching is rising ocean temperatures due to climate change caused by anthropogenic activities. [3] A temperature about 1 °C (or 2 °F) above average can cause bleaching. [3] The ocean takes in a large portion of the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions produced by human activity.
Denaturation (biochemistry), a structural change in macromolecules caused by extreme conditions; Denaturation (fissile materials), transforming fissile materials so that they cannot be used in nuclear weapons; Denaturation (food), intentional adulteration of food or drink rendering it unfit for consumption while remaining suitable for other uses
Because of this, P680 + is highly oxidizing and can take part in the splitting of water. [ 2 ] Photosystem II (of cyanobacteria and green plants) is composed of around 20 subunits (depending on the organism) as well as other accessory, light-harvesting proteins.
Location of the psa genes in the chloroplast genome of Arabidopsis thaliana.The 21 protein-coding genes involved in photosynthesis are displayed as green boxes. Photosystem I (PSI, or plastocyanin–ferredoxin oxidoreductase) is one of two photosystems in the photosynthetic light reactions of algae, plants, and cyanobacteria.
The visible-light part of the action spectrum was found to have a peak in the red-light region, suggesting that chlorophylls act as photoreceptors of photoinhibition. In the 1980s, photoinhibition became a popular topic in photosynthesis research, and the concept of a damaging reaction counteracted by a repair process was re-invented.