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Isolation by distance (IBD) is a term used to refer to the accrual of local genetic variation under geographically limited dispersal. [1] The IBD model is useful for determining the distribution of gene frequencies over a geographic region. [2] Both dispersal variance and migration probabilities are variables in this model and both contribute ...
The types of barriers that can cause this isolation include: different habitats, physical barriers, and a difference in the time of sexual maturity or flowering. [6] [7] An example of the ecological or habitat differences that impede the meeting of potential pairs occurs in two fish species of the family Gasterosteidae (sticklebacks).
Evolutionary biology. Reinforcement is a process of speciation where natural selection increases the reproductive isolation (further divided to pre-zygotic isolation and post-zygotic isolation) between two populations of species. This occurs as a result of selection acting against the production of hybrid individuals of low fitness.
Gene flow is the transfer of alleles from one population to another population through immigration of individuals. In population genetics, gene flow (also known as migration and allele flow) is the transfer of genetic material from one population to another. If the rate of gene flow is high enough, then two populations will have equivalent ...
Reinforcement assists speciation by selecting against hybrids. Reinforcement is a process within speciation where natural selection increases the reproductive isolation between two populations of species by reducing the production of hybrids. [1][2] Evidence for speciation by reinforcement has been gathered since the 1990s, and along with data ...
Secondary contact is the process in which two allopatrically distributed populations of a species are geographically reunited. This contact allows for the potential for the exchange of genes, dependent on how reproductively isolated the two populations have become. There are several primary outcomes of secondary contact: extinction of one ...
Hybrid inviability is a post-zygotic barrier, which reduces a hybrid 's capacity to mature into a healthy, fit adult. [1] The relatively low health of these hybrids relative to pure-breed individuals prevents gene flow between species. Thus, hybrid inviability acts as an isolating mechanism, limiting hybridization and allowing for the ...
The Virginia opossum, Didelphis virginiana, the only marsupial in temperate North America. Armadillos, opossums and porcupines are present in North America today because of the Great American Interchange. Opossums and porcupines were among the most successful northward migrants, reaching as far as Canada and Alaska, respectively.