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  2. Tanzimat - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat

    The Tanzimat[a] (Turkish: [tanziˈmat]; Ottoman Turkish: تنظيمات, romanized: Tanẓîmât, lit. 'Reorganization', see nizam) was a period of reform in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Gülhane Edict in 1839 and ended with the suspension of the Ottoman constitution. [2] The Tanzimat era began with the purpose not of radical ...

  3. Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_and_modernization...

    In response, the empire initiated a period of internal reform, attempting to bring itself into competition with the expanding West. The period of these reforms is known as the Tanzimat, and led to the end of the Old Regime period. Despite the Ottoman empire's precarious international position, the central state was significantly strengthened.

  4. Transformation of the Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_of_the...

    v. t. e. The Transformation of the Ottoman Empire, also known as the Era of Transformation, constitutes a period in the history of the Ottoman Empire from c. 1550 to c. 1700, spanning roughly from the end of the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent to the Treaty of Karlowitz at the conclusion of the War of the Holy League.

  5. Eastern question - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_question

    In diplomatic history, the Eastern question was the issue of the political and economic instability in the Ottoman Empire from the late 18th to early 20th centuries and the subsequent strategic competition and political considerations of the European great powers in light of this. Characterized as the "sick man of Europe", the relative ...

  6. Nizam-i Cedid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam-I_Cedid

    e. The Nizam-i Cedid (Ottoman Turkish: نظام جديد, romanized: Niẓām-ı Cedīd, lit. 'new order') was a series of reforms carried out by Ottoman Sultan Selim III during the late 18th and the early 19th centuries in a drive to catch up militarily and politically with the Western powers. The New Order regime was launched by Selim III and ...

  7. Abdul Hamid II - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II

    Abdul Hamid II. Abdulhamid or Abdul Hamid II (Ottoman Turkish: عبد الحميد ثانی, romanized: Abd ul-Hamid-i s̱ānī; Turkish: II. Abdülhamid; 21 September 1842 – 10 February 1918) was the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1876 to 1909, and the last sultan to exert effective control over the fracturing state. [3]

  8. Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Reform_Edict_of_1856

    Ottoman constitution of 1876 French translation of the edict, in Législation ottomane Volume 2, written by François Belin. The Imperial Reform Edict (Ottoman Turkish: اصلاحات خط همايونى, Islâhat Hatt-ı Hümâyûnu; Modern Turkish: Islâhat Fermânı) [1] was a February 18, 1856 edict of the Ottoman government and part of the Tanzimat reforms.

  9. Suleiman the Magnificent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent

    Suleiman I (Ottoman Turkish: سليمان اول, romanized: Süleyman-ı Evvel; Turkish: I. Süleyman, pronounced; 6 November 1494 – 6 September 1566), commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent in Western Europe and Suleiman the Lawgiver (Ottoman Turkish: قانونى سلطان سليمان, romanized: Ḳānūnī Sulṭān Süleymān) in his Ottoman realm, was the longest-reigning sultan ...