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2. Periodic table - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table

   The periodic table, also known as the periodic table of the elements, is an ordered arrangement of the chemical elements into rows (" periods ") and columns (" groups "). It is an icon of chemistry and is widely used in physics and other sciences. It is a depiction of the periodic law, which states that when the elements are arranged in order ...

3. Valence electron - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_electron

   The number of valence electrons of an element can be determined by the periodic table group (vertical column) in which the element is categorized. In groups 1–12, the group number matches the number of valence electrons; in groups 13–18, the units digit of the group number matches the number of valence electrons. (Helium is the sole ...

4. Valence (chemistry) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)

   The valence is the combining capacity of an atom of a given element, determined by the number of hydrogen atoms that it combines with. In methane, carbon has a valence of 4; in ammonia, nitrogen has a valence of 3; in water, oxygen has a valence of 2; and in hydrogen chloride, chlorine has a valence of 1. Chlorine, as it has a valence of one ...

5. Electron configurations of the elements (data page) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configurations_of...

   Here [Ne] refers to the core electrons which are the same as for the element neon (Ne), the last noble gas before phosphorus in the periodic table. The valence electrons (here 3s 2 3p 3) are written explicitly for all atoms. Electron configurations of elements beyond hassium (element 108) have never been measured; predictions are used below.

6. Lewis structure - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_structure

   This information comes from the periodic table. For Group 1-8 elements (everything excluding transition metals, lanthanides, and actinides), the number of valence electrons is equal to their Group number. Now that the table has been made, calculating number of bonds and lone pairs is possible. Bond number is calculated as follows: (Oe - TVe) ÷ 2

7. Group (periodic table) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)

   In the of the elements, each column is a group. In chemistry, a group (also known as a family) [1] is a column of elements in the periodic table of the chemical elements. There are 18 numbered groups in the periodic table; the 14 f-block columns, between groups 2 and 3, are not numbered. The elements in a group have similar physical or chemical ...

8. Octet rule - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octet_rule

   Octet rule. The bonding in carbon dioxide (CO 2): all atoms are surrounded by 8 electrons, fulfilling the octet rule. The octet rule is a chemical rule of thumb that reflects the theory that main-group elements tend to bond in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a ...

9. Period (periodic table) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)

   In the periodic table of the elements, each numbered row is a period. A period on the periodic table is a row of chemical elements. All elements in a row have the same number of electron shells. Each next element in a period has one more proton and is less metallic than its predecessor. Arranged this way, elements in the same group (column ...