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Annealing is a process of slowly cooling hot glass objects after they have been formed, to relieve residual internal stresses introduced during manufacture. Especially for smaller, simpler objects, annealing may be incidental to the process of manufacture, but in larger or more complex products it commonly demands a special process of annealing in a temperature-controlled kiln known as a lehr. [1]
The manufacturing process for soda–lime glass consists in melting the raw materials, which are the silica, soda, lime (in the form of (Ca(OH) 2), dolomite (CaMg(CO 3) 2, which provides the magnesium oxide), and aluminium oxide; along with small quantities of fining agents (e.g., sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4), sodium chloride (NaCl), etc.) in a glass furnace at temperatures locally up to 1675 ...
Lehr (glassmaking) In the manufacture of float glass, a lehr oven is a long kiln with an end-to-end temperature gradient, which is used for annealing newly made glass objects that are transported through the temperature gradient either on rollers or on a conveyor belt. The annealing renders glass into a stronger material with fewer internal ...
Plastic arts are art forms which involve physical manipulation of a plastic medium, such as clay, wax, paint – or even plastic in the modern sense of the word (a ductile polymer) – to create works of art. The term is used more generally to refer to the visual arts (such as painting, sculpture, ceramics, architecture, film and photography ...
Personal details. Born. ( 1974-03-05) March 5, 1974 (age 50) Mannheim, Germany. Gordana Turuk (5 March 1974, Mannheim, Germany) is an artist whose works include glass images, works of art, furniture and accessories made from glass. Gordana Turuk has Croatian heritage. Her works are created under the Gordana Glass brand.
The English glass industry produced window glass using the crown method, and it produced good quality lead glass (crystal) tableware. The glass industry in German areas of Northern Europe was in a recession, and that situation may have led to Germans coming to the English colonies to produce glass. [ 29 ]
A glossary of terms used in glass art. Abrasion – the technique of grinding shallow decoration with a wheel or some other device. The decorated areas are left unpolished. [1] Ale glass – a type of English drinking glass for ale or beer. Ale glasses, first made in the 17th century, have a tall and conical cup, a stem, and a foot.
Neoplasticism (or Neo-plasticism), originating from the Dutch Nieuwe Beelding, is an avant-garde art theory proposed by Piet Mondrian [a] in 1917 and initially employed by the Dutch De Stijl art movement. The most notable proponents of this theory were the painters Mondrian and Theo van Doesburg. [1] Neoplasticism advocated for a purified ...
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