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The United States federal civil service is the civilian workforce (i.e., non-elected and non-military public sector employees) of the United States federal government 's departments and agencies. The federal civil service was established in 1871 (5 U.S.C. § 2101). [ 1 ] U.S. state and local government entities often have comparable civil ...
Tbilisi Public Service Hall Building, Tbilisi, Georgia A public service or service of general (economic) interest is any service intended to address specific needs pertaining to the aggregate members of a community, [1] [2] whether provided directly by a public sector agency, via public financing available to private businesses or voluntary organisations, or provided by private businesses ...
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discours sur l'oeconomie politique, 1758. Political economyis a branch of political scienceand economicsstudying economicsystems (e.g. marketsand national economies) and their governance by politicalsystems (e.g. law, institutions, and government). [1][2][3][4]Widely studied phenomena within the discipline are systems ...
t. e. The division of labour is the separation of the tasks in any economic system or organisation so that participants may specialise (specialisation). Individuals, organisations, and nations are endowed with or acquire specialised capabilities, and either form combinations or trade to take advantage of the capabilities of others in addition ...
Public economics (or economics of the public sector) is the study of government policy through the lens of economic efficiency and equity. Public economics builds on the theory of welfare economics and is ultimately used as a tool to improve social welfare. Welfare can be defined in terms of well-being, prosperity, and overall state of being.
Public administration is both an academic discipline and a field of practice; the latter is depicted in this picture of U.S. federal public servants at a meeting.. Public administration, or public policy and administration refers to "the management of public programs", [1] or the "translation of politics into the reality that citizens see every day", [2] and also to the academic discipline ...
Lobbying is a form of advocacy, which lawfully attempts to directly influence legislators or government officials, such as regulatory agencies or judiciary. [1] Lobbying involves direct, face-to-face contact and is carried out by various entities, including individuals acting as voters, constituents, or private citizens; corporations pursuing their business interests; non-profits and NGOs ...
Affirmative action in New Zealand is most often done indirecttly by encouraging those in groups favored by affirmative action to get jobs in sectors they are underrepresented in. [134] Diversity Awards NZ is an organization in New Zealand whose goal is to " celebrate excellence in workplace diversity, equity and inclusion."