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  2. Object copying - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_copying

    In object-oriented programming, object copying is the act of creating and initializing a new object based on an existing object's state. The various ways to implement copy have implications that a programmer needs to understand in order to write a computer program that is correct and performant. Copying allows for the emergent state of the ...

  3. Stack (abstract data type) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_(abstract_data_type)

    In computer science, a stack is an abstract data type that serves as a collection of elements with two main operations: Pop, which removes the most recently added element. Additionally, a peek operation can, without modifying the stack, return the value of the last element added.

  4. Instance variable - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instance_variable

    An instance variable is a variable which is declared in a class but outside of constructors, methods, or blocks. Instance variables are created when an object is instantiated, and are accessible to all the constructors, methods, or blocks in the class. Access modifiers can be given to the instance variable. An instance variable is not a class ...

  5. Immutable object - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immutable_object

    In object-oriented (OO) and functional programming, an immutable object (unchangeable [ 1 ] object) is an object whose state cannot be modified after it is created. [ 2 ] This is in contrast to a mutable object (changeable object), which can be modified after it is created. [ 3 ] In some cases, an object is considered immutable even if some ...

  6. Visitor pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitor_pattern

    The Visitor [ 1 ] design pattern is one of the twenty-three well-known Gang of Four design patterns that describe how to solve recurring design problems to design flexible and reusable object-oriented software, that is, objects that are easier to implement, change, test, and reuse.

  7. Foreach loop - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreach_loop

    t. e. In computer programming, foreach loop (or for-each loop) is a control flow statement for traversing items in a collection. foreach is usually used in place of a standard for loop statement. Unlike other for loop constructs, however, foreach loops [ 1 ] usually maintain no explicit counter: they essentially say "do this to everything in ...

  8. Cloning (programming) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning_(programming)

    Cloning. The process of actually making another exact replica of the object instead of just its reference is called cloning. In most languages, the language or libraries can facilitate some sort of cloning. In Java, the Object class contains the clone() method, which copies the object and returns a reference to that copied object.

  9. Multiple inheritance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_inheritance

    Multiple inheritance. Multiple inheritance is a feature of some object-oriented computer programming languages in which an object or class can inherit features from more than one parent object or parent class. It is distinct from single inheritance, where an object or class may only inherit from one particular object or class.