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Aluminium hydroxide, Al (OH)3, is found in nature as the mineral gibbsite (also known as hydrargillite) and its three much rarer polymorphs: bayerite, doyleite, and nordstrandite. Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric, i.e., it has both basic and acidic properties. Closely related are aluminium oxide hydroxide, AlO (OH), and aluminium oxide or ...
[14] [15] Alum was the first aluminium salt used for this purpose, but has been almost completely replaced by aluminium hydroxide and aluminium phosphate for commercial vaccines. [16] Aluminium salts are the most commonly-used adjuvants in human vaccines. Their adjuvant activity was described in 1926. [17]
The most commonly used adjuvants are aluminium salts such as aluminium hydroxide, aluminium phosphate or potassium aluminium sulphate (also simply called alum). [24] [25] These aluminium salts can be responsible for soreness and redness at the vaccination site but do not cause any long-term harm to human health. The amount of aluminium in these ...
AS04. Adjuvant System 04 or AS04 is a trade name for a combination of adjuvants used in various vaccine products by GlaxoSmithKline, [ 1 ] in particular the Fendrix [ 2 ] hepatitis B vaccine and Cervarix [ 3 ] human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. It consists of aluminium hydroxide and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL).
Appropriate adjuvants are chosen based on safety, tolerance, compatibility of antigen and manufacturing considerations. [58] Commonly used adjuvants for recombinant subunit vaccines are Alum adjuvants (e.g. aluminium hydroxide), Emulsions (e.g. MF59) and Liposomes combined with immunostimulatory molecules (e.g. AS01 B). [58] [60]
Potassium alum was the major immunologic adjuvant used to increase the efficacy of vaccines, and has been used since the 1920s. [43] But it has been almost completely replaced by aluminium hydroxide and aluminium phosphate in commercial vaccines. [44]
A number of experimental anthrax vaccines are undergoing pre-clinical testing, notably the Bacillus anthracis protective antigen—known as PA (see Anthrax toxin—combined with various adjuvants such as aluminum hydroxide (Alhydrogel), saponin QS-21, and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) in squalene/lecithin/Tween 80 emulsion (SLT).
The resulting inactivated viruses are then mixed with the adjuvant aluminium hydroxide. [9] [38] Sinopharm's Chairman Yang Xioyun has said the company could produce one billion doses in 2021. [30] In March 2021, Sinopharm and Abu Dhabi G42 announced plans to produce up to 200 million doses annually in the UAE at a new plant to become ...
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