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A muffle furnace or muffle oven (sometimes retort furnace in historical usage) is a furnace in which the subject material is isolated from the fuel and all of the products of combustion, including gases and flying ash. [1] After the development of high-temperature heating elements and widespread electrification in developed countries, new ...
Bungs of saggars inside a bottle kiln. A saggar (also misspelled as sagger or segger) is a type of kiln furniture. [1][2][3] It is a ceramic boxlike container used in the firing of pottery to enclose or protect ware being fired inside a kiln. The name may be a contraction of the word safeguard. [4]
An oven is a tool that is used to expose materials to a hot environment. Ovens contain a hollow chamber and provide a means of heating the chamber in a controlled way. [ 1 ] In use since antiquity, they have been used to accomplish a wide variety of tasks requiring controlled heating. [ 2 ] Because they are used for a variety of purposes, there ...
A gas stove is a stove that is fuelled by combustible gas such as natural gas, propane, butane, liquefied petroleum gas, syngas, or other flammable gas. Before the advent of gas, cooking stoves relied on solid fuels such as coal or wood. The first gas stoves were developed in the 1820s and a gas stove factory was established in England in 1836.
Roasting jack. A roasting jack is a machine which rotates meat roasting on a spit. [1] It can also be called a spit jack, a spit engine or a turnspit, although this name can also refer to a human turning the spit, or a turnspit dog. [2] Cooking meat on a spit dates back at least to the 1st century BC, but at first spits were turned by human power.
Drawing the retorts at the Great Gas Establishment Brick Lane, from The Monthly Magazine (1821). The history of gaseous fuel, important for lighting, heating, and cooking purposes throughout most of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, began with the development of analytical and pneumatic chemistry in the 18th century.
These are then placed in a saggar with kiln furniture thimbles to separate them and fired for a second time, the glost firing can be up to 1,400C, in another bottle oven. Depending on ware, the item could be decorated and gilded by hand and be fired for a third time in a muffle kiln at 1,250. [2] [3]
An industrial furnace, also known as a direct heater or a direct fired heater, is a device used to provide heat for an industrial process, typically higher than 400 degrees Celsius. [1] They are used to provide heat for a process or can serve as reactor which provides heats of reaction. Furnace designs vary as to its function, heating duty ...