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l-Phenylalanine, l-tyrosine, and l-DOPA are all precursors to the biological pigment melanin. The enzyme tyrosinase catalyzes the oxidation of l -DOPA to the reactive intermediate dopaquinone , which reacts further, eventually leading to melanin oligomers .
L-Phenylalanine is biologically converted into L-tyrosine, another one of the DNA-encoded amino acids. L-tyrosine in turn is converted into L-DOPA, which is further converted into dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline). The latter three are known as the catecholamines.
Tyrosine hydroxylase or tyrosine 3-monooxygenase is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of the amino acid L-tyrosine to L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). [5] [6] It does so using molecular oxygen (O 2), as well as iron (Fe 2+) and tetrahydrobiopterin as cofactors.
In humans, catecholamines (shown in yellow) are derived from the amino acid L-phenylalanine. L-Phenylalanine is converted into L-tyrosine by an aromatic amino acid hydroxylase (AAAH) enzyme (phenylalanine 4-hydroxylase), with molecular oxygen (O 2) and tetrahydrobiopterin as cofactors. L-Tyrosine is converted into L-DOPA by another AAAH enzyme ...
4.3 Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitors (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitors) ... L-Phenylalanine. L-Phenylalanine → L-tyrosine → L-DOPA (levodopa) Cofactors
Minor: L-Phenylalanine → L-Tyrosine → p-Tyramine → Dopamine [19] [20] [21] Minor: L-Phenylalanine → m-Tyrosine → m-Tyramine → Dopamine [21] [23] [24] The direct precursor of dopamine, L-DOPA, can be synthesized indirectly from the essential amino acid phenylalanine or directly from the non-essential amino acid tyrosine. [25]
Tyrosine is the precursor to L-DOPA, dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), epinephrine (adrenaline), and the thyroid hormone thyroxine. It is also precursor to octopamine and melanin in numerous organisms. [6] Phenylalanine is the precursor to tyrosine.
3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine oxidative deaminase (EC 1.13.12.15, 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine: oxidative deaminase, oxidative deaminase, DOPA oxidative deaminase, DOPAODA) is an enzyme with systematic name 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating). [1] This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
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