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The process with parameters ,, + = is a continuous-time Markov process on = {,}, the 1s being thought of as particles and the 0s as empty sites. Each particle waits a random amount of time having the distribution of an exponential random variable with mean one and then attempts a jump, one site to the right with probability p {\displaystyle p ...
Sediment sorting is influenced by: grain sizes of sediment, processes involved in grain transport, deposition, and post-deposition processes such as winnowing. [3] As a result, studying the degree of sorting in deposits of sediment can give insight into the energy, rate, and/or duration of deposition, as well as the transport process responsible for laying down the sediment.
The three particles each have a spin of 1. The W ± bosons have a magnetic moment, but the Z 0 has none. All three of these particles are very short-lived, with a half-life of about 3 × 10 −25 s. Their experimental discovery was pivotal in establishing what is now called the Standard Model of particle physics. The W bosons are named after ...
The voter model (usually in continuous time, but there are discrete versions as well) is a process similar to the contact process. In this process () is taken to represent a voter's attitude on a particular topic. Voters reconsider their opinions at times distributed according to independent exponential random variables (this gives a Poisson ...
This wall is the weakest. Wall 2. The second wall is formed by the thick-walled, lignin-rich cells of the latewood growth ring interior and exterior to the wound, thus slowing the radial spread of decay. This wall is the second weakest, and is continuous except where intersected by ray cells (see next section). Wall 3.
The finiteness of the weakest-link chain model causes major deviations from the Weibull distribution. As the structure size, measured by , increases, the grafting point of the Weibullian left part moves to the right until, at about =, the entire distribution becomes Weibullian. The mean strength can be computed from this distribution and, as it ...
A discrete model treats objects as discrete, such as the particles in a molecular model or the states in a statistical model; while a continuous model represents the objects in a continuous manner, such as the velocity field of fluid in pipe flows, temperatures and stresses in a solid, and electric field that applies continuously over the ...
Consider the average number of particles with particle properties denoted by a particle state vector (x,r) (where x corresponds to particle properties like size, density, etc. also known as internal coordinates and, r corresponds to spatial position or external coordinates) dispersed in a continuous phase defined by a phase vector Y(r,t) (which again is a function of all such vectors which ...