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  2. Back-up beeper - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-up_beeper

    Back-up beepers or an observer are required by OSHA for earth-moving vehicles with an obstructed view to the rear and no one on the ground to help guide the driver. [9] OSHA regulation 29 CFR Part 1926.601(b)(4) requires "a reverse signal alarm audible above surrounding noise level", but only when the motor vehicle has "an obstructed view to the rear".

  3. Vehicle horn - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_horn

    A horn is a sound-making device installed on motor vehicles, trains, boats, and other types of vehicles. The sound it makes usually resembles a “honk” (older vehicles) or a “beep” (modern vehicles). The driver uses the horn to warn others of the vehicle's presence or approach, or to call attention to some hazard.

  4. Back-up collision - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-up_collision

    Back-up collision with a lamppost. Back-up collisions happen when a driver reverses the car into an object, person, or other car. Although most cars come equipped with rear view mirrors which are adequate for detecting vehicles behind a car, they are inadequate on many vehicles for detecting small children or objects close to the ground, which fall in the car's blind spot, particularly ...

  5. Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-In Dangers of the American ...

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsafe_at_Any_Speed:_The...

    Nader counters by pointing out that, at the time, annual (and unnecessary) styling changes added, on average, about $700 to the consumer cost of a new car (equivalent to $6,800 in 2023). This compared to an average expenditure in safety by the automotive companies of about twenty-three cents per car (equivalent to $2.22 in 2023). [5]: p187

  6. Head restraint - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_restraint

    An evaluation performed by NHTSA in 1982 on passenger cars found that "integral" head restraints—a seat back extending high enough to meet the 27.5 in (698.5 mm) height requirement—reduces injury by 17 percent, while adjustable head restraints, attached to the seat back by one or more sliding metal shafts, reduce injury by 10 percent.

  7. Immobiliser - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immobiliser

    The electric immobiliser/alarm system was invented by St. George Evans and Edward Birkenbuel and patented in 1919. [2] They developed a 3x3 grid of double-contact switches on a panel mounted inside the car so when the ignition switch was activated, current from the battery (or magneto) went to the spark plugs allowing the engine to start, or immobilizing the vehicle and sounding the horn. [3]

  8. Electric vehicle warning sounds - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/.../Electric_vehicle_warning_sounds

    As a result of increased sales of full electric vehicle and hybrid electric vehicles in several countries, some members of the blind community have raised concerns about the noise reduction when those vehicles operate in all-electric mode, as blind people or the visually impaired consider the noise of combustion engines a helpful aid while crossing streets and think quiet hybrids could pose an ...

  9. Parking sensor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_sensor

    Toyota introduced ultrasonic Back Sonar on the 1982 Toyota Corona, offering it until 1988. [7] On December 13, 1984, Massimo Ciccarello and Ruggero Lenci (see List of Italian inventors ) entered in Italy the patent request for ultrasonics Parking sensors, and on November 16, 1988, the Ministry of Industry granted them the Patent for industrial ...