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MDMA is part of the amphetamine family and elicits its positive effects by altering brain serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitter levels. [2] [6] [13] [14] As the drug begins to take effect, the brain becomes flooded with serotonin which can then become depleted within 3–6 hours following consumption. [14]
In the brain, serotonin is a neurotransmitter and regulates arousal, behavior, sleep, and mood, among other things. [9] During prolonged exercise where central nervous system fatigue is present, serotonin levels in the brain are higher than normal physiological conditions; these higher levels can increase perceptions of effort and peripheral muscle fatigue. [9]
The most commonly reported severe effect following SSRI overdose is serotonin syndrome; serotonin toxicity is usually associated with very high overdoses or multiple drug ingestion. [179] Other reported significant effects include coma, seizures, and cardiac toxicity. [176]
The serotonin created by the brain comprises around 10% of total body serotonin. The majority (80-90%) is found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. [15] [16] It travels around the brain along the medial forebrain bundle and acts on serotonin receptors. In the peripheral nervous system (such as in the gut wall) serotonin regulates vascular tone.
Serotonin's presence in insect venoms and plant spines serves to cause pain, which is a side-effect of serotonin injection. [21] [22] Serotonin is produced by pathogenic amoebae, causing diarrhea in the human gut. [23] Its widespread presence in many seeds and fruits may serve to stimulate the digestive tract into expelling the seeds.
Serotonergic agents affect the neurotransmission pathways that involve serotonin, a neurotransmitter associated with mood regulation. Serotonin agonists can bind to and activate serotonin receptors, increasing the levels of serotonin in the CNS and resultingly increasing the occurrence of behaviours associated with anxiety. [ 9 ]
The combination of dopamine, serotonin and oxytocin is already pretty dreamy, but the brain takes that natural high to the next level when you reach the big O by releasing endogenous (i.e., made ...
They act by antagonizing the α 2-adrenergic receptor and certain serotonin receptors such as 5-HT 2A and 5-HT 2C, [1] but also 5-HT 3, [1] 5-HT 6, and/or 5-HT 7 in some cases. By blocking α 2 -adrenergic autoreceptors and heteroreceptors , NaSSAs enhance adrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission in the brain involved in mood regulation ...