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Peter I of Cyprus, disappointed by John II's return to captivity in England and the death of Talleyrand, collected whatever soldiers he could and launched an attack on Alexandria, Egypt. The Alexandrian Crusade of 1362–1365 resulted in the destruction of the city, but had little real impact. Its impetus was financial rather than religious, as ...
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land between 1095 and 1291 that had the objective of reconquering Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Muslim rule after the region had been conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate ...
Crusades of the 15th century are those Crusades that follow the Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399, throughout the next hundred years. In this time period, the threat from the Ottoman Empire dominated the Christian world, but also included threats from the Mamluks , Moors , and heretics .
Philip II of France treated them with exceptional severity during the Third Crusade (1188). The Jews were also subjected to attacks by the Shepherds' Crusades of 1251 and 1320. The attacks were opposed by the local bishops and widely condemned at the time as a violation of the crusades' aims, which were not directed against the Jews.
This was constructed in 325, on the purported site of Jesus' burial and resurrection. It became a site of Christian pilgrimage, and one of the goals of the Crusades was to recover it from Muslim rule. [1] [2] The crusading movement encompasses the framework of ideologies and institutions that described, regulated, and promoted the Crusades.
A History of the Crusades, also known as the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, is one of the most important books on the Crusades. [1] The volumes, edited by Kenneth M. Setton, [2] were published by the University of Wisconsin Press from 1969 to 1989 and consist of 89 chapters written by 64 prominent historians covering nearly 5000 pages.
Al-Zahir Baibars and the End of the Old Crusades. Beirut: Dar Alnafaes. Claster, Jill N. (2009). Sacred Violence: The European Crusades to the Middle East, 1095–1396. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442604308. Crowley, Roger (2019). The Accursed Tower: The Fall of Acre and the End of the Crusades. Basic Books. ISBN 978-1541697348.
A few crusades such as the Fourth Crusade were waged within Christendom against groups that were considered heretical and schismatic (also see the Battle of the Ice and the Albigensian Crusade). Krak des Chevaliers was built in the County of Tripoli by the Knights Hospitaller during the Crusades.