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The IGSF1 gene inhibits the activin A pathway which decreases the rate of FSHB expression. IGSF1 gene deficiency leads to over-secretion of pituitary FSH causing an early and rapid increase in the testicular sertoli cell mass (i.e. macroorchidism) in children and adults with FSH-secreting pituitary adenomas. [9] An orchidometer
Spermatoceles can be discovered as incidental scrotal masses found on physical examination by a physician or by self-inspection of the scrotum and testicles. [7] The various types of diagnosis for spermatocele types include hydrocele, varicocele, hernia, simple epididymal cyst, and neoplasm.
An epididymal cyst, a benign cystic fluid collection in the scrotum, usually manifests as a painless swelling on top of the testicle and can be inadvertently discovered during a physical examination. [2] The most typical clinical findings are scrotal mass and pain. [1]
It was sign of testicular rhabdomyosarcoma, a childhood form of a soft tissue cancer. He is cancer free. Boy diagnosed with testicular cancer at 16 recalls early symptom: ‘I thought it was normal’
Testicular teratomas present as a palpable mass in the testis; mediastinal teratomas often cause compression of the lungs or the airways and may present with chest pain and/or respiratory symptoms. Some teratomas contain yolk sac elements, which secrete alpha-fetoprotein. Its detection may help to confirm the diagnosis and is often used as a ...
Endodermal sinus tumor (EST) is a member of the germ cell tumor group of cancers. [1] It is the most common testicular tumor in children under three, [2] and is also known as infantile embryonal carcinoma.
Cryptorchidism, or "undescended testicles", is when the testicle does not descend into the scrotum of an infant boy. [30] Testicular enlargement is an unspecific sign of various testicular diseases, and can be defined as a testicular size of more than 5 cm × 3 cm (short axis). [42]
In males, Sertoli cell tumours typically present as a testicular mass or firmness, and their presence may be accompanied by gynaecomastia (25%) if they produce oestrogens, or precocious pseudopuberty in young boys, especially if they produce androgens. [2]