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During the worldwide Spanish flu pandemic of 1918, "Pharmacists tried everything they knew, everything they had ever heard of, from the ancient art of bleeding patients, to administering oxygen, to developing new vaccines and serums (chiefly against what we call Hemophilus influenzae – a name derived from the fact that it was originally considered the etiological agent – and several types ...
Despite the high morbidity and mortality rates that resulted from the epidemic, the Spanish flu began to fade from public awareness over the decades until the arrival of news about bird flu and other pandemics in the 1990s and 2000s. [320] [321] This has led some historians to label the Spanish flu a "forgotten pandemic". [177]
Carditis (pl. carditides) is the inflammation of the heart. [1] It is usually studied and treated by specifying it as: [citation needed] Pericarditis is the ...
Polyvalent influenza vaccine is a type of influenza vaccine that provides immunity against more than one type of antigen. [1] In the second week after receiving the flu shot, the body's immune system is triggered by the antigens so the body starts producing antibodies.
This is a timeline of influenza, briefly describing major events such as outbreaks, epidemics, pandemics, discoveries and developments of vaccines.In addition to specific year/period-related events, there is the seasonal flu that kills between 250,000 and 500,000 people every year and has claimed between 340 million and 1 billion human lives throughout history.
The 3’ end of the genome encodes a polyA tail while the 5’ end encodes a genome-linked protein. A unique feature of this genus is the presence of the L* protein, 18kDa, that is made out of frame from the polyprotein and is present in the DA subgroup of TMEV. [ 8 ]
In general, influenza vaccines are only effective if there is an antigenic match between vaccine strains and circulating strains. [10] [2] Most commercially available flu vaccines are manufactured by propagation of influenza viruses in embryonated chicken eggs, taking 6–8 months. [2]
A high-dose vaccine (Fluzone High-Dose) four times the strength of standard flu vaccine was approved by the FDA in 2009. [22] [23] [24] This vaccine is intended for people 65 and over, who typically have weakened immune response due to normal aging. The vaccine produces a greater immune response than standard vaccine.