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Python: Python: Only on Linux No Yes No Yes Yes Keras: François Chollet 2015 MIT license: Yes Linux, macOS, Windows: Python: Python, R: Only if using Theano as backend Can use Theano, Tensorflow or PlaidML as backends Yes No Yes Yes [20] Yes Yes No [21] Yes [22] Yes MATLAB + Deep Learning Toolbox (formally Neural Network Toolbox) MathWorks ...
Designed to enable fast experimentation with deep neural networks, Keras focuses on being user-friendly, modular, and extensible. It was developed as part of the research effort of project ONEIROS (Open-ended Neuro-Electronic Intelligent Robot Operating System), [ 5 ] and its primary author and maintainer is François Chollet , a Google engineer.
Although the Python interface is more polished and the primary focus of development, PyTorch also has a C++ interface. [ 14 ] A number of pieces of deep learning software are built on top of PyTorch, including Tesla Autopilot , [ 15 ] Uber 's Pyro, [ 16 ] Hugging Face 's Transformers, [ 17 ] PyTorch Lightning , [ 18 ] [ 19 ] and Catalyst.
Google JAX is a machine learning framework for transforming numerical functions. [ 71 ] [ 72 ] [ 73 ] It is described as bringing together a modified version of autograd (automatic obtaining of the gradient function through differentiation of a function) and TensorFlow's XLA (Accelerated Linear Algebra).
PyTorch Lightning is an open-source Python library that provides a high-level interface for PyTorch, a popular deep learning framework. [1] It is a lightweight and high-performance framework that organizes PyTorch code to decouple research from engineering, thus making deep learning experiments easier to read and reproduce.
scikit-learn (formerly scikits.learn and also known as sklearn) is a free and open-source machine learning library for the Python programming language. [3] It features various classification, regression and clustering algorithms including support-vector machines, random forests, gradient boosting, k-means and DBSCAN, and is designed to interoperate with the Python numerical and scientific ...
Chainer was the first deep learning framework to introduce the define-by-run approach. [10] [11] The traditional procedure to train a network was in two phases: define the fixed connections between mathematical operations (such as matrix multiplication and nonlinear activations) in the network, and then run the actual training calculation. This ...
Torch is an open-source machine learning library, a scientific computing framework, and a scripting language based on Lua. [3] It provides LuaJIT interfaces to deep learning algorithms implemented in C. It was created by the Idiap Research Institute at EPFL. Torch development moved in 2017 to PyTorch, a port of the library to Python. [4] [5] [6]