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Finally, tasks required of modern computers often emphasize quite different components, so that resolving a bottleneck for one task may not affect the performance of another. For these reasons, upgrading a CPU does not always have a dramatic effect. The concept of being CPU-bound is now one of many factors considered in modern computing ...
For example, one can interpret a load average of "1.73 0.60 7.98" on a single-CPU system as: During the last minute, the system was overloaded by 73% on average (1.73 runnable processes, so that 0.73 processes had to wait for a turn for a single CPU system on average). During the last 5 minutes, the CPU was idling 40% of the time, on average.
On the other hand, if a new user starts a process on the system, the scheduler will reapportion the available CPU cycles such that each user gets 20% of the whole (100% / 5 = 20%). Another layer of abstraction allows us to partition users into groups, and apply the fair share algorithm to the groups as well.
A graphical demo running as a benchmark of the OGRE engine. In computing, a benchmark is the act of running a computer program, a set of programs, or other operations, in order to assess the relative performance of an object, normally by running a number of standard tests and trials against it.
Four PCI Express bus card slots (from top to second from bottom: ×4, ×16, ×1 and ×16), compared to a 32-bit conventional PCI bus card slot (very bottom). In computer architecture, a bus (historically also called a data highway [1] or databus) is a communication system that transfers data between components inside a computer or between computers. [2]
Time redundancy, performing the same operation multiple times such as multiple executions of a program or multiple copies of data transmitted; Software redundancy such as N-version programming; A modified form of software redundancy, applied to hardware may be: Distinct functional redundancy, such as both mechanical and hydraulic braking in a car.
Failure rate is the frequency with which any system or component fails, expressed in failures per unit of time. It thus depends on the system conditions, time interval, and total number of systems under study. [1]
The CPU-bound process will get and hold the CPU. During this time, all the other processes will finish their I/O and will move into the ready queue, waiting for the CPU. While the processes wait in the ready queue, the I/O devices are idle. Eventually, the CPU-bound process finishes its CPU burst and moves to an I/O device.