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Levetiracetam, sold under the brand name Keppra among others, is a novel antiepileptic drug [7] used to treat epilepsy. [8] It is used for partial-onset , myoclonic , or tonic–clonic seizures, [ 7 ] and is taken either by mouth as an immediate or extended release formulation or by injection into a vein .
Absorption half-life 1 h, elimination half-life 12 h. Biological half-life (elimination half-life, pharmacological half-life) is the time taken for concentration of a biological substance (such as a medication) to decrease from its maximum concentration (C max) to half of C max in the blood plasma.
For example, the medical sciences refer to the biological half-life of drugs and other chemicals in the human body. The converse of half-life (in exponential growth) is doubling time. The original term, half-life period, dating to Ernest Rutherford's discovery of the principle in 1907, was shortened to half-life in the early 1950s. [1]
Both newer and older drugs are generally equally effective in new onset epilepsy. [42] The newer drugs tend to have fewer side effects. [ 42 ] For newly diagnosed partial or mixed seizures , there is evidence for using gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine or topiramate as monotherapy . [ 42 ]
Lamotrigine has fewer drug interactions than many anticonvulsant drugs, although pharmacokinetic interactions with carbamazepine, phenytoin and other hepatic enzyme-inducing medications may shorten half-life. [83] Dose adjustments should be made on clinical response, but monitoring may be of benefit in assessing compliance. [5]
The dosing range for this drug is anywhere from 100-400 mg with a half-life of 55 hours. There have been at least three separate clinical trials involving Cenobamate with results showing a reduction in seizure burden by at least 50% in the experimental groups especially at higher doses of the drug.
Valproate (valproic acid, VPA, sodium valproate, and valproate semisodium forms) are medications primarily used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder and prevent migraine headaches. [7] They are useful for the prevention of seizures in those with absence seizures , partial seizures , and generalized seizures . [ 7 ]
In Germany, newly approved drugs with new active ingredients have to be evaluated by the Federal Joint Committee (Germany)(Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss) if the pharmaceutical manufacturer wishes to achieve a higher selling price than just the fixed amount. Only if there is an additional benefit, the pharmaceutical manufacturer can negotiate a ...
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