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Climate models have been unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when they only consider variations in total solar irradiance and volcanic activity. Hegerl et al. (2007) concluded that greenhouse gas forcing had "very likely" caused most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century. In making this ...
Solar irradiance is the power per unit ... which has been proposed as a method of reversing local and global temperature increases associated with global warming. ...
Solar radiation modification (SRM) (or solar radiation management or sunlight reflection methods [1] or solar geoengineering), is a group of large-scale approaches to limit global warming by increasing the amount of sunlight (solar radiation) that is reflected away from Earth and back to space.
Efforts to banish SO2 as a harmful air pollutant in China and elsewhere over the last decade have dampened its cooling effect and "unmasked" heat caused by greenhouse gases, thereby contributing ...
Total global annual solar energy potential amounts to 1,575 EJ (minimum) to 49,837 EJ (maximum) Data reflects assumptions of annual clear sky irradiance, annual average sky clearance, and available land area. All figures given in Exajoules. Quantitative relation of global solar potential vs. the world's primary energy consumption:
Radiative forcing is defined in the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report as follows: "The change in the net, downward minus upward, radiative flux (expressed in W/m 2) due to a change in an external driver of climate change, such as a change in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO 2), the concentration of volcanic aerosols or the output of the Sun." [3]: 2245
Global warming occurs when earth receives more energy than it gives back to space, and global cooling takes place when the outgoing energy is greater. [3] Multiple types of measurements and observations show a warming imbalance since at least year 1970. [4] [5] The rate of heating from this human-caused event is without precedent.
Solar irradiance is about 0.9 W/m 2 higher during a solar maximum than during a solar minimum, and those effect can be observed in measured average global temperatures from 1959 to 2004. [64] Unfortunately, the solar minima in the period coincided with volcanic eruptions, which have a cooling effect on the global temperature. Because the ...