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In source countries, lack of opportunities, political instability or oppression, economic depression, health risks and more (push factors) [26] contribute to human capital flight, whereas host countries usually offer rich opportunities, political stability and freedom, a developed economy and better living conditions (pull factors) [26] that ...
The core theoretical framework for studying human capital flows dates back to at least John Hicks (1932), who noted that "differences in net economic advantages, chiefly differences in wages, are the main causes of migration". Classic literature back in 1950s~1980s also follows Hicks’ work, and has come to a consensus on receiving countries ...
Reverse brain drain is a form of brain drain where human capital moves in reverse from a more developed country to a less developed country that is developing rapidly. These migrants may accumulate savings, also known as remittances , and develop skills overseas that can be used in their home country.
[6] [11] Asides the United Kingdom, countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia and South Africa also attract Nigerian talent, with Saudi Arabia running recruiting campaigns in the country. [7] The migration of existing medical personnel will endanger the development of future Human Resources for health. [5]
Host countries view the circular migration of highly skilled and educated migrants as positive, while low-skilled labor is often viewed more negatively. [6] Circular migration also allows for the international mobility of labor for shortages in specific sectors in developed countries with the surpluses present in developing countries. [3]
The kafala system has been pointed out by human rights organization as one of the main sources of some of the human rights abuses reported in the GCC countries. [ 76 ] [ 84 ] [ 87 ] [ 88 ] [ 89 ] As this sponsorship system, often enshrined in labor laws, assigns the employer with the sole responsibility for the migrant worker, it also provides ...
In another recent study with Beine and Maurice Schiff, Docquier analyses the relationship between international migration and fertility rates in migrants' countries of origin, notably finding that a 1% decrease in the fertility norms to which migrants are exposed reduces home country fertility by about 0.3%, suggesting a transfer of norms from ...
Of the 271 million international migrants today, 130 million – or nearly half – are women. The share of women migrants increased from 46.7% in 1960 to 48.4% in 2010, [17] but has declined slightly over the past two decades, from 49.1% in 2000 to 47.9% in 2019. [18]