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The Atomichron was the world's first commercial atomic clock, built by the National Company, Inc. of Malden, Massachusetts. It was also the first self-contained portable atomic clock and was a caesium standard clock. More than 50 clocks with the trademarked Atomichron name were produced. [1] [2] [3] [4]
Atomic clocks are installed at sites of time signal radio transmitters. [103] They are used at some long-wave and medium-wave broadcasting stations to deliver a very precise carrier frequency. [104] Atomic clocks are used in many scientific disciplines, such as for long-baseline interferometry in radio astronomy. [105]
A modern LF radio-controlled clock. A radio clock or radio-controlled clock (RCC), and often colloquially (and incorrectly [1]) referred to as an "atomic clock", is a type of quartz clock or watch that is automatically synchronized to a time code transmitted by a radio transmitter connected to a time standard such as an atomic clock.
The Dick effect (hereinafter; "the effect") is an important limitation to frequency stability for modern atomic clocks such as atomic fountains and optical lattice clocks.It is an aliasing effect: High frequency noise in a required local oscillator (LO) is aliased (heterodyned) to near zero frequency by a periodic interrogation process that locks the frequency of the LO to that of the atoms.
Standard-quality 32 768 Hz resonators of this type are warranted to have a long-term accuracy of about six parts per million (0.0006%) at 31 °C (87.8 °F): that is, a typical quartz clock or wristwatch will gain or lose 15 seconds per 30 days (within a normal temperature range of 5 to 35 °C or 41 to 95 °F) or less than a half second clock ...
The time from an atomic clock onboard each satellite is encoded into the radio signal; the receiver determines how much later it received the signal than it was sent. To do this, a local clock is corrected to the GPS atomic clock time by solving for three dimensions and time based on four or more satellite signals. [ 11 ]
These signals transmit the time measured by atomic clocks accurate to one second in millions of years. By synchronizing daily with the signals, the Wave Ceptor watches achieve high accuracy, using a quartz crystal to keep time in the interim.
Since the atomic clocks on board the GPS satellites are precisely tuned, it makes the system a practical engineering application of the scientific theory of relativity in a real-world environment. [16] Placing atomic clocks on artificial satellites to test Einstein's general theory was proposed by Friedwardt Winterberg in 1955. [17]
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