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  2. Gram-negative bacteria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria

    Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that, unlike gram-positive bacteria, do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. [1] Their defining characteristic is their cell envelope , which consists of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall sandwiched between an inner ( cytoplasmic ) membrane and an ...

  3. Disinfectant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant

    Bacterial endospores are most resistant to disinfectants, but some fungi, viruses and bacteria also possess some resistance. [10] Disinfectants are used to rapidly kill bacteria. They kill off the bacteria by causing the proteins to become damaged and the outer layers of the bacteria cell to rupture. The DNA material subsequently leaks out.

  4. Bactericide - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactericide

    In 2013, cicada wings were found to have a selective anti-gram-negative bactericidal effect based on their physical surface structure. [4] Mechanical deformation of the more or less rigid nanopillars found on the wing releases energy, striking and killing bacteria within minutes, hence called a mechano-bactericidal effect. [5]

  5. Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidrug-resistant_gram...

    Multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDRGN bacteria) are a type of Gram-negative bacteria with resistance to multiple antibiotics. They can cause bacteria infections that pose a serious and rapidly emerging threat for hospitalized patients and especially patients in intensive care units . [ 1 ]

  6. Antimicrobial resistance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance

    Some bacteria are naturally resistant to certain antibiotics; for example, gram-negative bacteria are resistant to most β-lactam antibiotics due to the presence of β-lactamase. Antibiotic resistance can also be acquired as a result of either genetic mutation or horizontal gene transfer . [ 155 ]

  7. Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbapenem-resistant_enter...

    Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) or carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) are gram-negative bacteria that are resistant to the carbapenem class of antibiotics, considered the drugs of last resort for such infections. They are resistant because they produce an enzyme called a carbapenemase that disables the drug molecule ...

  8. Deinococcota - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinococcota

    Deinococcota (synonym, Deinococcus-Thermus) is a phylum of bacteria with a single class, Deinococci, that are highly resistant to environmental hazards, also known as extremophiles. [4] These bacteria have thick cell walls that give them gram-positive stains, but they include a second membrane and so are closer in structure to those of gram ...

  9. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_Photodynamic...

    Indeed, overuse of antimicrobials in these animals may lead to contamination of meat and milk by antibiotic-resistant bacteria or antibiotic residues. In this regard, aPDT has proven effective in the treatment of caseous lymphadenitis [ 109 ] and streptococcal abscesses in sheep, [ 110 ] and is demonstrably more effective than oxytetracycline ...