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In the large intestines, villi are absent and a flat surface with thousands of glands is observed. Underlying the epithelium is the lamina propria, which contains myofibroblasts, blood vessels, nerves, and several different immune cells, and the muscularis mucosa which is a layer of smooth muscle that aids in the action of continued peristalsis ...
The interstitial cells of Cajal are specialized pacemaker cells [3] located in the wall of the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. [1] These cells are connected to the smooth muscle via gap junctions and the myenteric plexus. The cell membranes of the pacemaker cells undergo a rhythmic depolarization and repolarization from -65mV to ...
Smooth muscle is grouped into two types: single-unit smooth muscle, also known as visceral smooth muscle, and multiunit smooth muscle. Most smooth muscle is of the single-unit type, and is found in the walls of most internal organs (viscera); and lines blood vessels (except large elastic arteries), the urinary tract , and the digestive tract .
The large intestine, also known as the large bowel, is the last part of the gastrointestinal tract and of the digestive system in tetrapods. Water is absorbed here and the remaining waste material is stored in the rectum as feces before being removed by defecation . [ 1 ]
The muscularis mucosae (or lamina muscularis mucosae) is a thin layer of muscle of the gastrointestinal tract, located outside the lamina propria, and separating it from the submucosa. It is present in a continuous fashion from the esophagus to the upper rectum (the exact nomenclature of the rectum's muscle layers is still being debated).
A depiction of a slow wave, contraction and electrical threshold in relation to smooth muscle tone and resting membrane potential.. Gastric slow waves occur at around 3 cycles-per-minute in humans and exhibit significance variances in both amplitudes and propagation velocities in the stomach [8] [9] [10] due to the existence of a gradient of resting membrane potential gradient, [11 ...
Enteroendocrine cells are specialized cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas with endocrine function. They produce gastrointestinal hormones or peptides in response to various stimuli and release them into the bloodstream for systemic effect, diffuse them as local messengers, or transmit them to the enteric nervous system to activate nervous responses.
Endocrine M cells in small intestine Smooth muscle of stomach and duodenum None None Stimulates migrating motor complex Action in brain, stimulates migratory motor complex Fasting: cyclic release every 1.5–2 hours by neural stimulus Glucagon-like peptide-1: Endocrine cells in small intestine Endocrine pancreas Stimulates insulin release ...