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  2. Newton's law of universal gravitation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_law_of_universal...

    where F is the gravitational force acting between two objects, m 1 and m 2 are the masses of the objects, r is the distance between the centers of their masses, and G is the gravitational constant. The first test of Newton's law of gravitation between masses in the laboratory was the Cavendish experiment conducted by the British scientist Henry ...

  3. History of gravitational theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_gravitational...

    To make this into an equal-sided formula or equation, there needed to be a multiplying factor or constant that would give the correct force of gravity no matter the value of the masses or distance between them – the gravitational constant. Newton would need an accurate measure of this constant to prove his inverse-square law.

  4. Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_gravitational...

    [249] [250] LIGO-VIRGO and Fermi constrain the difference between the speed of gravity and the speed of light in vacuum to 10 −15. [251] This marks the first time electromagnetic and gravitational waves are detected from a single source, [252] [253] and give direct evidence that some (short) gamma-ray bursts are due to colliding neutron stars ...

  5. Bouncing ball - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouncing_ball

    The forces acting on a spinning ball during impact are the force of gravity, the normal force, and the force of friction (which has in general both a 'translational' and a 'rotational' component). If the surface is angled, the force of gravity would be at an angle from the surface, while the other forces would remain perpendicular or parallel ...

  6. Introduction to general relativity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_general...

    The equivalence between gravitational and inertial effects does not constitute a complete theory of gravity. When it comes to explaining gravity near our own location on the Earth's surface, noting that our reference frame is not in free fall, so that fictitious forces are to be expected, provides a suitable explanation. But a freely falling ...

  7. Graviton - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

    If it exists, the graviton is expected to be massless because the gravitational force has a very long range, and appears to propagate at the speed of light. The graviton must be a spin -2 boson because the source of gravitation is the stress–energy tensor , a second-order tensor (compared with electromagnetism 's spin-1 photon , the source of ...

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  9. History of general relativity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_general_relativity

    Before the advent of general relativity, Newton's law of universal gravitation had been accepted for more than two hundred years as a valid description of the gravitational force between masses, even though Newton himself did not regard the theory as the final word on the nature of gravity. Within a century of Newton's formulation, careful ...