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Sir James Dewar FRS FRSE (/ dj uː ər / DEW-ər; [1] 20 September 1842 – 27 March 1923) was a Scottish chemist and physicist.He is best known for his invention of the vacuum flask, which he used in conjunction with research into the liquefaction of gases.
Caffenol is a photographic alternative process whereby phenols, sodium carbonate and optionally vitamin C are used in aqueous solution as a film and print photographic developer. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Other basic (as opposed to acidic ) chemicals can be used in place of sodium carbonate; however, sodium carbonate is the most common.
1784 – Gaspard Monge liquefied the first pure gas with Clouet producing liquid sulfur dioxide. [6] [7] 1787 – Charles's law (Gas law, relating volume and temperature) 1799 – Martin van Marum and Adriaan Paets van Troostwijk compressed ammonia to see if it followed Boyle's law. They found at room temperature and 7 atm gaseous ammonia ...
1742 — Anders Celsius proposed a temperature scale in which 100 represented the temperature of melting ice and 0 represented the boiling point of water at 25 inches and 3 lines of barometric mercury height. [8] This corresponds to 751.16 mm, [9] so that on the present-day definition, this boiling point is 99.67 degrees Celsius. [10]
The condensed liquids flowed down the sloping pipes in the same direction as the gas. As long as gas flow was slow, this was an effective method for the removal of naphthalene. Vertical air condensers had gas and tar outlets. The annular atmospheric condenser was easier to control with respect to cooling rates.
While thermic fluid heaters are generally safer than steam-based systems due to the low-pressure operation, there are still important safety considerations: Emission Control: Heaters using solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels need proper emission control systems, such as scrubbers or filters, to minimize environmental impact.
The spray drying technique was first described in 1860 with the first spray dryer instrument patented by Samuel Percy in 1872. [citation needed] With time, the spray drying method grew in popularity, at first mainly for milk production in the 1920s and during World War II, when there was a need to reduce the weight and volume of food and other materials.
Carl Paul Gottfried von Linde (11 June 1842 – 16 November 1934) was a German scientist, engineer, and businessman. He discovered the refrigeration cycle and invented the first industrial-scale air separation and gas liquefaction processes, which led to the first reliable and efficient compressed-ammonia refrigerator in 1876.