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A Tier 1 network is an Internet Protocol (IP) network that can reach every other network on the Internet solely via settlement-free interconnection (also known as settlement-free peering). [1] [2] Tier 1 networks can exchange traffic with other Tier 1 networks without paying any fees for the exchange of traffic in either direction. [3]
NSFNet Internet architecture, c. 1995. Internet exchange points began as Network Access Points or NAPs, a key component of Al Gore's National Information Infrastructure (NII) plan, which defined the transition from the US Government-paid-for NSFNET era (when Internet access was government sponsored and commercial traffic was prohibited) to the commercial Internet of today.
Tier 2 ISPs depend on Tier 1 ISPs and often have their own networks, but must pay for transit or internet access to Tier 1 ISPs, but may peer or send transit without paying, to other Tier 2 and/or some Tier 1 ISPs. Tier 3 ISPs do not engage in peering and only purchase transit from Tier 2 and Tier 1 ISPs, and often specialize in offering ...
Transit is distinct from peering, in which only traffic between the two ISPs and their downstream customers is exchanged and neither ISP can see upstream routes over the peering connection. A transit free network uses only peering; a network that uses only unpaid peering and connects to the whole Internet is considered a Tier 1 network. [1]
Internet service providers (ISPs) establish the worldwide connectivity between individual networks at various levels of scope. End-users who only access the Internet when needed to perform a function or obtain information, represent the bottom of the routing hierarchy.
Tier 1: These are mostly generic medications that typically have the lowest copayment. Tier 2: These are mostly preferred brand-name drugs that have a slightly higher copayment.
By this definition, a tier 1 network is a transit-free network that peers with every other tier-1 network." Comcast is a Tier 3 network. Level 3 can reach Comcast's network without ever paying a fee (as per the Tier 1 definition). The issue is that Comcast now wants to charge to forward data on its network to its USERS.
But a crucial Supreme Court ruling in 2012 granted states the power to reject the Medicaid expansion, entrenching a two-tiered health care system in America, where the uninsured rate remains disproportionately high in mainly Republican-led Southern and Southwestern states.