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  2. Atomic clock - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_clock

    An atomic clock is based on a system of atoms which may be in one of two possible energy states. A group of atoms in one state is prepared, ...

  3. Primary Atomic Reference Clock in Space - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_Atomic_Reference...

    The mission, to have been funded by NASA, involved a laser-cooled caesium atomic clock, and a time-transfer system using Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. PARCS was to fly concurrently with the Superconducting Microwave Oscillator (SUMO) [2] a different type of clock that was to be compared against the PARCS clock to test certain ...

  4. International Atomic Time - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Time

    TAI is a weighted average of the time kept by over 450 atomic clocks in over 80 national laboratories worldwide. [3] The majority of the clocks involved are caesium clocks; the International System of Units (SI) definition of the second is based on caesium. [6] The clocks are compared using GPS signals and two-way satellite time and frequency ...

  5. Time and frequency transfer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_and_frequency_transfer

    To do this, a local clock is corrected to the GPS atomic clock time by solving for three dimensions and time based on four or more satellite signals. [11] Improvements in algorithms lead many modern low-cost GPS receivers to achieve better than 10-meter accuracy, which implies a timing accuracy of about 30 ns.

  6. NIST-F1 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIST-F1

    NIST-F1 is a cesium fountain clock, a type of atomic clock, in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Boulder, Colorado, and serves as the United States' primary time and frequency standard. The clock took fewer than four years to test and build, and was developed by Steve Jefferts and Dawn Meekhof of the Time and ...

  7. Nuclear clock - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_clock

    The expected performance of a single-ion nuclear clock was further investigated in 2012 by Corey Campbell et al. with the result that a systematic frequency uncertainty (accuracy) of the clock of 1.5 × 10 −19 could be achieved, which would be by about an order of magnitude better than the accuracy achieved by the best optical atomic clocks ...

  8. Deep Space Atomic Clock - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock

    The Deep Space Atomic Clock (DSAC) is a miniaturized and stable mercury ion atomic clock that is as stable as a ground clock. [4] The technology could enable autonomous radio navigation for spacecraft's time-critical events such as orbit insertion or landing, promising new savings on mission operations costs. [ 3 ]

  9. Error analysis for the Global Positioning System - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_analysis_for_the...

    Since the atomic clocks on board the GPS satellites are precisely tuned, it makes the system a practical engineering application of the scientific theory of relativity in a real-world environment. [16] Placing atomic clocks on artificial satellites to test Einstein's general theory was proposed by Friedwardt Winterberg in 1955. [17]