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Biodiversity is usually plotted as the richness of a geographic area, with some reference to a temporal scale. Types of biodiversity include taxonomic or species, ecological, morphological, and genetic diversity. Taxonomic diversity, that is the number of species, genera, family is the most commonly assessed type. [7]
The observed species richness is affected not only by the number of individuals but also by the heterogeneity of the sample. If individuals are drawn from different environmental conditions (or different habitats), the species richness of the resulting set can be expected to be higher than if all individuals are drawn from similar environments.
Relative species abundance distributions are usually graphed as frequency histograms ("Preston plots"; Figure 2) [7] or rank-abundance diagrams ("Whittaker Plots"; Figure 3). [8] Frequency histogram (Preston plot): x-axis: logarithm of abundance bins (historically log 2 as a rough approximation to the natural logarithm)
Species richness, or biodiversity, increases from the poles to the tropics for a wide variety of terrestrial and marine organisms, often referred to as the latitudinal diversity gradient. [1] The latitudinal diversity gradient is one of the most widely recognized patterns in ecology. [1] It has been observed to varying degrees in Earth's past. [2]
In contrast to these "mechanistic" explanations, others assert the need to test whether the pattern is simply the result of a random sampling process. [7] Species–area relationships are often evaluated in conservation science in order to predict extinction rates in the case of habitat loss and habitat fragmentation. [8]
Biodiversity is also known to have an important role in reducing disaster risk and in post-disaster relief and recovery efforts. [167] [168] Biodiversity provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources.
A species range map represents the region where individuals of a species can be found. This is a range map of Juniperus communis, the common juniper.. Species distribution, or species dispersion, [1] is the manner in which a biological taxon is spatially arranged. [2]
Ecosystems are complex and ecological indicators can help describe them in simpler terms that can be understood and used by non-scientists to make management decisions. For example, the number of different beetle taxa found in a field can be used as an indicator of biodiversity. Many different types of indicators have been developed.
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