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Scholars critical of global capitalism (and its global ecological and inequality crises) have argued instead for a transnationalism from below between workers and co-operatives as well as popular social and political movements. [8] Transnationalism as concept, theory and experience has nourished an important literature in social sciences.
Transnational corporations share many qualities with multinational corporations, but there is a subtle difference.Multinational corporations consist of a centralized management structure, whereas transnational corporations generally are decentralized, with many bases in various countries where the corporation operates. [1]
International business refers to the trade of goods and service goods, services, technology, capital and/or knowledge across national borders and at a global or transnational scale. [1] It includes all commercial activities that promote the transfer of goods, services and values globally. [2]
According to Aihwa Ong, the term differs from that of transnationalism, as transnationalism refers "to the cultural specificities of global processes, tracing the multiplicity of the uses and conceptions of 'culture'" whereas transnationality is "the condition of cultural interconnectedness and mobility across space".
Counter-Cola: A Multinational History of the Global Corporation (U of California Press, 2019) on Coca-Cola. Fritz, Martin and Karlsson, Birgit. SKF: A Global Story, 1907–2007 (2006). ISBN 978-91-7736-576-1. Scheiber, Harry N. "World War I as Entrepreneurial Opportunity: Willard Straight and the American International Corporation".
Economic globalization is the intensification and stretching of economic interrelations around the globe. [3] [4] It encompasses such things as the emergence of a new global economic order, the internationalization of trade and finance, the changing power of transnational corporations, and the enhanced role of international economic institutions.
The state remains a key player in transnational governance but other actors from business, civil society, academia, amongst others, can play key roles in the development of global and regional policies as well as building structures of transnational administration. [1]
Transnational history is an approach in historiography that places emphasis on historical phenomena that are not shaped by nation states such as the movement of people or ideas. According to the historian Akira Iriye , "transnational history may be defined as the study of movements and forces that have cut across national boundaries" in a ...