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Vieta's formulas are frequently used with polynomials with coefficients in any integral domain R. Then, the quotients a i / a n {\displaystyle a_{i}/a_{n}} belong to the field of fractions of R (and possibly are in R itself if a n {\displaystyle a_{n}} happens to be invertible in R ) and the roots r i {\displaystyle r_{i}} are taken in an ...
The degree of the zero polynomial 0 (which has no terms at all) is generally treated as not defined (but see below). [9] For example: is a term. The coefficient is −5, the indeterminates are x and y, the degree of x is two, while the degree of y is one.
For a long time, the main problem was to find the solutions of a single non-linear polynomial equation in a single unknown. The fact that a complex solution always exists is the fundamental theorem of algebra , which was proved only at the beginning of the 19th century and does not have a purely algebraic proof.
A monomial is a polynomial with one term while two- and three-term polynomials are called binomials and trinomials. The degree of a polynomial is the maximal value (among its terms) of the sum of the exponents of the variables (4 in the above example). [32] Polynomials of degree one are called linear polynomials.
It is assumed that the value of a function f defined on [,] is known at + equally spaced points: < < <.There are two classes of Newton–Cotes quadrature: they are called "closed" when = and =, i.e. they use the function values at the interval endpoints, and "open" when > and <, i.e. they do not use the function values at the endpoints.
This allows formulas to be given for the n th cyclotomic polynomial when n has at most one odd prime factor: If p is an odd prime number, and h and k are positive integers, then Φ 2 m ( x ) = x 2 m − 1 + 1 , {\displaystyle \Phi _{2^{m}}(x)=x^{2^{m-1}}+1\;,}
The polynomial x 2 + cx + d, where a + b = c and ab = d, can be factorized into (x + a)(x + b).. In mathematics, factorization (or factorisation, see English spelling differences) or factoring consists of writing a number or another mathematical object as a product of several factors, usually smaller or simpler objects of the same kind.
The roots of a polynomial expression of degree n, or equivalently the solutions of a polynomial equation, can always be written as algebraic expressions if n < 5 (see quadratic formula, cubic function, and quartic equation). Such a solution of an equation is called an algebraic solution.