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A soft-switching three-level inverter (S3L inverter) is a high-efficiency power electronic inverter intended, in particular, for use with three-phase drives, as a grid-tie inverter for photovoltaic installations or wind turbines and in power supplies. [1] The topology was developed in 2009 at HTWG Konstanz (Constance University of Applied ...
Small variable-frequency drive Chassis of above VFD (cover removed). A variable-frequency drive (VFD, or adjustable-frequency drive, adjustable-speed drive, variable-speed drive, AC drive, micro drive, inverter drive, variable voltage variable frequency drive, or drive) is a type of AC motor drive (system incorporating a motor) that controls speed and torque by varying the frequency of the ...
An induction furnace is an electrical furnace in which the heat is applied by induction heating of metal. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Induction furnace capacities range from less than one kilogram to one hundred tons, and are used to melt iron and steel , copper , aluminum , and precious metals .
To cool the tunnel to 30 °C (86 °F), engineers installed 480 kilometres (300 mi) of 0.61 m (24 in) diameter cooling pipes carrying 84 million liters (18.5 million gallons) of water. The network—Europe's largest cooling system—was supplied by eight York Titan chillers running on R22, a Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerant gas. [20] [21]
Heaters are appliances whose purpose is to generate heat (i.e. warmth) for the building. This can be done via central heating. Such a system contains a boiler, furnace, or heat pump to heat water, steam, or air in a central location such as a furnace room in a home, or a mechanical room in a large building.
HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) equipment needs a control system to regulate the operation of a heating and/or air conditioning system. [1] Usually a sensing device is used to compare the actual state (e.g. temperature) with a target state. Then the control system draws a conclusion what action has to be taken (e.g. start the ...
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Diagram of natural draft gas furnace, early 20th century. The first category of furnaces is natural draft, atmospheric burner furnaces. These furnaces consisted of cast-iron or riveted-steel heat exchangers built within an outer shell of brick, masonry, or steel. The heat exchangers were vented through brick or masonry chimneys.