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This concept gave rise to incentive-sensitization theory (1993), [31] influencing subsequent research on the role of incentive motivational processes in addiction. This paper ranked 15th among the 100 most cited articles in Neuroscience [ 32 ] and was listed as the single most cited paper in addiction research in 2021. [ 33 ]
The neuroscience of religion, also known as neurotheology, and as spiritual neuroscience, [1] attempts to explain religious experience and behaviour in neuroscientific terms. [2] It is the study of correlations of neural phenomena with subjective experiences of spirituality and hypotheses to explain these phenomena.
Addiction treatment must also help the individual maintain a drug-free lifestyle, and achieve productive functioning in the family, at work, and in society. Addiction is a disease which alters the structure and function of the brain. The brain circuitry may take months or years to recover after the addict has recovered. [42]
[4] [3] Responses to a drug cue can be physiological (e.g., sweating, salivation, brain activity), behavioral (e.g., drug seeking), or symbolic expressive (e.g., craving). [ 3 ] The clinical utility of cue reactivity is based on the conceptualization that drug cues elicit craving which is a critical factor in the maintenance and relapse to drug ...
Research has consistently shown strong associations between affective disorders and substance use disorders. Specifically, people with mood disorders are at increased risk of substance use disorders. [1] Affect and addiction can be related in a variety of ways as they play a crucial role in influencing motivated behaviours.
Many neurobiological theories of addiction place repeated or continued use of the drug in the path of addiction development. For example, researchers have theorized that addiction is the result of the shift from goal-directed actions to habits and ultimately, to compulsive drug-seeking and taking.
“The brain changes, and it doesn’t recover when you just stop the drug because the brain has been actually changed,” Kreek explained. “The brain may get OK with time in some persons. But it’s hard to find a person who has completely normal brain function after a long cycle of opiate addiction, not without specific medication treatment.”
Within the context of substance dependence, euphoric recall frequently emerges as a disruptive factor in addiction recovery. Initiation of recovery is argued to be a direct result of loss of pleasure in an addict's life, which is a form of " psychic numbness ". [ 7 ]