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Citizenship is a legal status in a political institution such as a city or a state.The relationship between a citizen and the institution that confers this status is formal, and in contemporary liberal-democratic models includes both a set of rights that the citizen possesses by virtue of this relationship, and a set of obligations or duties that they owe to that institution and their fellow ...
The question of to whom civil and political rights apply is a subject of controversy. Although in many countries citizens are considered to have greater protections against infringement of rights than non-citizens, civil and political rights are generally considered to be universal rights that apply to all persons.
The rights and duties of nationals vary from state to state, [5] and are often complemented by citizenship law, in some contexts to the point where citizenship is synonymous with nationality. [6] However, nationality differs technically and legally from citizenship, which is a different legal relationship between a person and a country.
Citizenship is a membership and allegiance to a sovereign state. [1] [a]Though citizenship is often conflated with nationality in today's English-speaking world, [3] [4] [5] international law does not usually use the term citizenship to refer to nationality; [6] [7] these two notions are conceptually different dimensions of collective membership.
Nationality defines the legal relationship between a person and a state or nation, specifying who is a member or subject of a particular nation. [3] [4] [5] The rights and obligations of citizenship are defined by this relationship, as well as the protections to which nationals are entitled.
However, the higher office and more important role a citizen holds in a foreign government, the more limited the exercise of consular rights of United States citizenship will be: "Serving as a foreign head of state/government or foreign minister may affect the level of immunity from United States jurisdiction that a dual national may be afforded.
Uniquely, citizenship of the Vatican City is jus officii, namely on the grounds of appointment to work in a certain capacity in the service of the Holy See. It usually ceases upon cessation of the appointment. Citizenship is also extended to the spouse and children of a citizen, provided they are living together in the city. [8]
Civic nationhood is a political identity built around shared citizenship within the state. Thus, a "civic nation" defines itself not by culture but by political institutions and liberal principles, which its citizens pledge to uphold. Membership in the civic nation is open to every person by citizenship, regardless of culture or ethnicity ...